Late-stage meta-C–H alkylation of pharmaceuticals to modulate biological properties and expedite molecular optimisation in a single step

Abstract

Abstract Catalysed C–H activation has emerged as a transformative platform for molecular synthesis and provides new opportunities in drug discovery by late-stage functionalisation (LSF) of complex molecules. Notably, small aliphatic motifs have gained significant interest in medicinal chemistry for their beneficial properties and applications as sp 3-rich functional group bioisosteres. In this context, we disclose a versatile strategy with broad applicability for the ruthenium-catalysed late-stage meta-C(sp 2)–H alkylation of pharmaceuticals. This general protocol leverages numerous directing groups inherently part of bioactive scaffolds to selectivity install a variety of medicinally relevant bifunctional alkyl units within drug compounds. Our strategy enables the direct modification of unprotected lead structures to quickly generate an array of pharmaceutically useful analogues without resorting to de novo syntheses. Moreover, productive late-stage modulation of key biological characteristics of drug candidates upon remote C–H alkylation proves viable, highlighting the major benefits of our approach to offer in drug development programmes.