EClinicalMedicine (Mar 2025)
Do the effects of interventions aimed at the prevention of childhood obesity reduce inequities? A re-analysis of randomized trial data from two Cochrane reviewsResearch in context
- Jennifer C. Palmer,
- Annabel L. Davies,
- Francesca Spiga,
- Berit L. Heitmann,
- Russell Jago,
- Carolyn D. Summerbell,
- Julian P.T. Higgins,
- Arne Astrup,
- Valter Cordeiro Barbosa Filho,
- Mark E. Benden,
- Lynne Boddy,
- Laura M. Bogart,
- Blakely Brown,
- Angela Carlin,
- Diana P. Pozuelo Carrascosa,
- Li Kheng Chai,
- Clare Drummy,
- Scott Duncan,
- Cara Ebbeling,
- Eva Martos,
- Stuart Fairclough,
- Jayne Fulkerson,
- Douglas A. Gentile,
- Mary B. Gruber,
- May Grydeland,
- Amy S. Ha,
- Carla Habib Mourad,
- Kate Gilstad-Hayden,
- Douglas L. Hill,
- Gill ten Hoor,
- Kiya Hurley,
- Alison Hurst,
- Nahla Hwalla,
- Jeannette R. Ickovics,
- Kate Jolly,
- Juliana Kain,
- Susanne Kobel,
- Viktoria Anna Kovacs,
- Susi Kriemler,
- Sarahmarie Kuroko,
- Alberto Lana,
- Teresa Shamah Levy,
- Mairena Sánchez-López,
- David Lubans,
- Brian Lynch,
- Kristine A. Madsen,
- Claude Marcus,
- Méndez-Gómez Humarán,
- Carmen Morales-Ruan,
- Philip Morgan,
- Ivan Müller,
- Robert Newton,
- Analise Nicholl,
- Teresia O'Connor,
- Russell R. Pate,
- Sebastián Peña,
- Lorraine B. Robbins,
- Jardena J. Puder,
- Thomas Robinson,
- Rafaela Rosário,
- Richard Rosenkranz,
- Jennifer Sacheck,
- Jo Salmon,
- Rebecca A. Seguin-Fowler,
- Nancy E. Sherwood,
- Hajnalka Takacs,
- Rachael Taylor,
- Haixue Wang,
- Haijun Wang,
- Robin Whittemore,
- Simon Wilksch,
- Zenong Yin,
- Zhixiong Zhou,
- Katie Breheny,
- Deborah M. Caldwell,
- Sarah Dawson,
- Yang Gao,
- Frances Hillier-Brown,
- Rebecca K. Hodder,
- Sofus C. Larsen,
- Theresa HM. Moore,
- James D. Nobles,
- Sophie M. Phillips,
- Jelena Savović,
- Fanney Thorsteinsdottir,
- Eve Tomlinson,
- Luke Wolfenden
Affiliations
- Jennifer C. Palmer
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Corresponding author.
- Annabel L. Davies
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Francesca Spiga
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Berit L. Heitmann
- The Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for General Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Russell Jago
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West (ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Carolyn D. Summerbell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK; Fuse - Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Julian P.T. Higgins
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West (ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Arne Astrup
- Valter Cordeiro Barbosa Filho
- Mark E. Benden
- Lynne Boddy
- Laura M. Bogart
- Blakely Brown
- Angela Carlin
- Diana P. Pozuelo Carrascosa
- Li Kheng Chai
- Clare Drummy
- Scott Duncan
- Cara Ebbeling
- Eva Martos
- Stuart Fairclough
- Jayne Fulkerson
- Douglas A. Gentile
- Mary B. Gruber
- May Grydeland
- Amy S. Ha
- Carla Habib Mourad
- Kate Gilstad-Hayden
- Douglas L. Hill
- Gill ten Hoor
- Kiya Hurley
- Alison Hurst
- Nahla Hwalla
- Jeannette R. Ickovics
- Kate Jolly
- Juliana Kain
- Susanne Kobel
- Viktoria Anna Kovacs
- Susi Kriemler
- Sarahmarie Kuroko
- Alberto Lana
- Teresa Shamah Levy
- Mairena Sánchez-López
- David Lubans
- Brian Lynch
- Kristine A. Madsen
- Claude Marcus
- Méndez-Gómez Humarán
- Carmen Morales-Ruan
- Philip Morgan
- Ivan Müller
- Robert Newton
- Analise Nicholl
- Teresia O'Connor
- Russell R. Pate
- Sebastián Peña
- Lorraine B. Robbins
- Jardena J. Puder
- Thomas Robinson
- Rafaela Rosário
- Richard Rosenkranz
- Jennifer Sacheck
- Jo Salmon
- Rebecca A. Seguin-Fowler
- Nancy E. Sherwood
- Hajnalka Takacs
- Rachael Taylor
- Haixue Wang
- Haijun Wang
- Robin Whittemore
- Simon Wilksch
- Zenong Yin
- Zhixiong Zhou
- Katie Breheny
- Deborah M. Caldwell
- Sarah Dawson
- Yang Gao
- Frances Hillier-Brown
- Rebecca K. Hodder
- Sofus C. Larsen
- Theresa HM. Moore
- James D. Nobles
- Sophie M. Phillips
- Jelena Savović
- Fanney Thorsteinsdottir
- Eve Tomlinson
- Luke Wolfenden
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 81
p. 103130
Abstract
Summary: Background: Public health attempts to prevent obesity in children and young people should aim to minimize health inequalities. Two Cochrane reviews examining interventions aiming to prevent childhood obesity found that interventions promoting (only) physical activity have a small beneficial effect on BMI for people aged 5–18 years, as do interventions promoting physical activity alongside healthy eating for 5–11 year olds. We examined whether the effectiveness of the interventions included in these reviews differed according to eight factors associated with inequity: place, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socio-economic status, and social capital (the PROGRESS framework). Methods: We collected data on change in BMI (standardized or unstandardized), subgrouped by baseline measures of PROGRESS factors, for intervention and control groups, from trial authors. We calculated the intervention effect per subgroup (mean difference), then contrasted these to estimate interactions between intervention and the baseline factors. We combined interaction estimates for each factor across trials using meta-analyses. Findings: We collected subgrouped data from 81 trials that took place between 2001 and 2020, involving 84,713 participants. We found no substantial differences in effectiveness of interventions for PROGRESS subgroups in most scenarios. However, in the younger age group (5–11 years), the effect of interventions on standardized BMI appeared to be higher in boys (average difference in mean differences 0.03; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.06; 45 studies, n = 44,740), which was consistent in direction with the BMI effect (average difference in mean differences 0.06 kg/m2; 95% CI −0.02 to 0.13; 31 studies, n = 27,083). Interpretation: Our findings suggest that those responsible for public health can promote these beneficial interventions without major concerns about increasing inequalities but should be mindful that these interventions may work better in boys aged 5–11 years than girls. More data are needed, so we encourage future trialists to perform subgroup analyses on PROGRESS factors. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR).