Integration of Multiple Interferometers in Highly Multiplexed Diagnostic KITs to Evaluate Several Biomarkers of COVID-19 in Serum
Ana María M. Murillo,
Luis G. Valle,
Yolanda Ramírez,
María Jesús Sánchez,
Beatriz Santamaría,
E. Molina-Roldan,
Isabel Ortega-Madueño,
Elena Urcelay,
Luca Tramarin,
Pedro Herreros,
Araceli Díaz-Perales,
María Garrido-Arandia,
Jaime Tome-Amat,
Guadalupe Hernández-Ramírez,
Rocío L. Espinosa,
María F. Laguna,
Miguel Holgado
Affiliations
Ana María M. Murillo
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Luis G. Valle
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Yolanda Ramírez
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
María Jesús Sánchez
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Beatriz Santamaría
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
E. Molina-Roldan
Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC. C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Isabel Ortega-Madueño
Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC. C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Elena Urcelay
Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC. C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 4ª Planta Sur, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Luca Tramarin
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Pedro Herreros
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Araceli Díaz-Perales
Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
María Garrido-Arandia
Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Jaime Tome-Amat
Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Guadalupe Hernández-Ramírez
Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Rocío L. Espinosa
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
María F. Laguna
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
Miguel Holgado
Center for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
In the present work, highly multiplexed diagnostic KITs based on an Interferometric Optical Detection Method (IODM) were developed to evaluate six Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related biomarkers. These biomarkers of COVID-19 were evaluated in 74 serum samples from severe, moderate, and mild patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), collected at the end of March 2020 in the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, in Madrid (Spain). The developed multiplexed diagnostic KITs were biofunctionalized to simultaneously measure different types of specific biomarkers involved in COVID-19. Thus, the serum samples were investigated by measuring the total specific Immunoglobulins (sIgT), specific Immunoglobulins G (sIgG), specific Immunoglobulins M (sIgM), specific Immunoglobulins A (sIgA), all of them against SARS-CoV-2, together with two biomarkers involved in inflammatory disorders, Ferritin (FER) and C Reactive Protein (CRP). To assess the results, a Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) was carried out to study the influence of IgGs, IgMs, IgAs, FER, and CRP against the total sIgTs in these serum samples with a goodness of fit of 73.01% (Adjusted R-Squared).
