Detection of Very High-energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Radio Galaxy M87 with LHAASO

Zhen Cao; F. Aharonian; Axikegu; Y. X. Bai; Y. W. Bao; D. Bastieri; X. J. Bi; Y. J. Bi; W. Bian; A. V. Bukevich; Q. Cao; W. Y. Cao; Zhe Cao; J. Chang; J. F. Chang; A. M. Chen; E. S. Chen; H. X. Chen; Liang Chen; Lin Chen; Long Chen; M. J. Chen; M. L. Chen; Q. H. Chen; S. Chen; S. H. Chen; S. Z. Chen; T. L. Chen; Y. Chen; N. Cheng; Y. D. Cheng; M. C. Chu; M. Y. Cui; S. W. Cui; X. H. Cui; Y. D. Cui; B. Z. Dai; H. L. Dai; Z. G. Dai; Danzengluobu; X. Q. Dong; K. K. Duan; J. H. Fan; Y. Z. Fan; J. Fang; J. H. Fang; K. Fang; C. F. Feng; H. Feng; L. Feng; S. H. Feng; X. T. Feng; Y. Feng; Y. L. Feng; S. Gabici; B. Gao; C. D. Gao; Q. Gao; W. Gao; W. K. Gao; M. M. Ge; T. T. Ge; L. S. Geng; G. Giacinti; G. H. Gong; Q. B. Gou; M. H. Gu; F. L. Guo; J. Guo; X. L. Guo; Y. Q. Guo; Y. Y. Guo; Y. A. Han; O. A. Hannuksela; M. Hasan; H. H. He; H. N. He; J. Y. He; Y. He; Y. K. Hor; B. W. Hou; C. Hou; X. Hou; H. B. Hu; Q. Hu; S. C. Hu; C. Huang; D. H. Huang; T. Q. Huang; W. J. Huang; X. T. Huang; X. Y. Huang; Y. Huang; Y. Y. Huang; X. L. Ji; H. Y. Jia; K. Jia; H. B. Jiang; K. Jiang; X. W. Jiang; Z. J. Jiang; M. Jin; M. M. Kang; I. Karpikov; D. Khangulyan; D. Kuleshov; K. Kurinov; B. B. Li; C. M. Li; Cheng Li; Cong Li; D. Li; F. Li; H. B. Li; H. C. Li; Jian Li; Jie Li; K. Li; S. D. Li; W. L. Li; W. L. Li; X. R. Li; Xin Li; Y. Z. Li; Zhe Li; Zhuo Li; E. W. Liang; Y. F. Liang; S. J. Lin; B. Liu; C. Liu; D. Liu; D. B. Liu; H. Liu; H. D. Liu; J. Liu; J. L. Liu; M. Y. Liu; R. Y. Liu; S. M. Liu; W. Liu; Y. Liu; Y. N. Liu; Q. Luo; Y. Luo; H. K. Lv; B. Q. Ma; L. L. Ma; X. H. Ma; J. R. Mao; Z. Min; W. Mitthumsiri; H. J. Mu; Y. C. Nan; A. Neronov; K. C. Y. Ng; L. J. Ou; P. Pattarakijwanich; Z. Y. Pei; J. C. Qi; M. Y. Qi; B. Q. Qiao; J. J. Qin; A. Raza; D. Ruffolo; A. Sáiz; M. Saeed; D. Semikoz; L. Shao; O. Shchegolev; X. D. Sheng; F. W. Shu; H. C. Song; Yu. V. Stenkin; V. Stepanov; Y. Su; D. X. Sun; Q. N. Sun; X. N. Sun; Z. B. Sun; J. Takata; P. H. T. Tam; Q. W. Tang; R. Tang; Z. B. Tang; W. W. Tian; L. H. Wan; C. Wang; C. B. Wang; G. W. Wang; H. G. Wang; H. H. Wang; J. C. Wang; Kai Wang; Kai Wang; L. P. Wang; L. Y. Wang; P. H. Wang; R. Wang; W. Wang; X. G. Wang; X. Y. Wang; Y. Wang; Y. D. Wang; Y. J. Wang; Z. H. Wang; Z. X. Wang; Zhen Wang; Zheng Wang; D. M. Wei; J. J. Wei; Y. J. Wei; T. Wen; C. Y. Wu; H. R. Wu; Q. W. Wu; S. Wu; X. F. Wu; Y. S. Wu; S. Q. Xi; J. Xia; G. M. Xiang; D. X. Xiao; G. Xiao; Y. L. Xin; Y. Xing; D. R. Xiong; Z. Xiong; D. L. Xu; R. F. Xu; R. X. Xu; W. L. Xu; L. Xue; D. H. Yan; J. Z. Yan; T. Yan; C. W. Yang; C. Y. Yang; F. Yang; F. F. Yang; L. L. Yang; M. J. Yang; R. Z. Yang; W. X. Yang; Y. H. Yao; Z. G. Yao; L. Q. Yin; N. Yin; X. H. You; Z. Y. You; Y. H. Yu; Q. Yuan; H. Yue; H. D. Zeng; T. X. Zeng; W. Zeng; M. Zha; B. B. Zhang; F. Zhang; H. Zhang; H. M. Zhang; H. Y. Zhang; J. L. Zhang; Li Zhang; P. F. Zhang; P. P. Zhang; R. Zhang; S. B. Zhang; S. R. Zhang; S. S. Zhang; X. Zhang; X. P. Zhang; Y. F. Zhang; Yi Zhang; Yong Zhang; B. Zhao; J. Zhao; L. Zhao; L. Z. Zhao; S. P. Zhao; X. H. Zhao; F. Zheng; W. J. Zhong; B. Zhou; H. Zhou; J. N. Zhou; M. Zhou; P. Zhou; R. Zhou; X. X. Zhou; X. X. Zhou; B. Y. Zhu; C. G. Zhu; F. R. Zhu; H. Zhu; K. J. Zhu; Y. C. Zou; X. Zuo

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad8921

The Astrophysical Journal Letters (Jan 2024)

Detection of Very High-energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Radio Galaxy M87 with LHAASO

Zhen Cao,
F. Aharonian,
Axikegu,
Y. X. Bai,
Y. W. Bao,
D. Bastieri,
X. J. Bi,
Y. J. Bi,
W. Bian,
A. V. Bukevich,
Q. Cao,
W. Y. Cao,
Zhe Cao,
J. Chang,
J. F. Chang,
A. M. Chen,
E. S. Chen,
H. X. Chen,
Liang Chen,
Lin Chen,
Long Chen,
M. J. Chen,
M. L. Chen,
Q. H. Chen,
S. Chen,
S. H. Chen,
S. Z. Chen,
T. L. Chen,
Y. Chen,
N. Cheng,
Y. D. Cheng,
M. C. Chu,
M. Y. Cui,
S. W. Cui,
X. H. Cui,
Y. D. Cui,
B. Z. Dai,
H. L. Dai,
Z. G. Dai,
Danzengluobu,
X. Q. Dong,
K. K. Duan,
J. H. Fan,
Y. Z. Fan,
J. Fang,
J. H. Fang,
K. Fang,
C. F. Feng,
H. Feng,
L. Feng,
S. H. Feng,
X. T. Feng,
Y. Feng,
Y. L. Feng,
S. Gabici,
B. Gao,
C. D. Gao,
Q. Gao,
W. Gao,
W. K. Gao,
M. M. Ge,
T. T. Ge,
L. S. Geng,
G. Giacinti,
G. H. Gong,
Q. B. Gou,
M. H. Gu,
F. L. Guo,
J. Guo,
X. L. Guo,
Y. Q. Guo,
Y. Y. Guo,
Y. A. Han,
O. A. Hannuksela,
M. Hasan,
H. H. He,
H. N. He,
J. Y. He,
Y. He,
Y. K. Hor,
B. W. Hou,
C. Hou,
X. Hou,
H. B. Hu,
Q. Hu,
S. C. Hu,
C. Huang,
D. H. Huang,
T. Q. Huang,
W. J. Huang,
X. T. Huang,
X. Y. Huang,
Y. Huang,
Y. Y. Huang,
X. L. Ji,
H. Y. Jia,
K. Jia,
H. B. Jiang,
K. Jiang,
X. W. Jiang,
Z. J. Jiang,
M. Jin,
M. M. Kang,
I. Karpikov,
D. Khangulyan,
D. Kuleshov,
K. Kurinov,
B. B. Li,
C. M. Li,
Cheng Li,
Cong Li,
D. Li,
F. Li,
H. B. Li,
H. C. Li,
Jian Li,
Jie Li,
K. Li,
S. D. Li,
W. L. Li,
W. L. Li,
X. R. Li,
Xin Li,
Y. Z. Li,
Zhe Li,
Zhuo Li,
E. W. Liang,
Y. F. Liang,
S. J. Lin,
B. Liu,
C. Liu,
D. Liu,
D. B. Liu,
H. Liu,
H. D. Liu,
J. Liu,
J. L. Liu,
M. Y. Liu,
R. Y. Liu,
S. M. Liu,
W. Liu,
Y. Liu,
Y. N. Liu,
Q. Luo,
Y. Luo,
H. K. Lv,
B. Q. Ma,
L. L. Ma,
X. H. Ma,
J. R. Mao,
Z. Min,
W. Mitthumsiri,
H. J. Mu,
Y. C. Nan,
A. Neronov,
K. C. Y. Ng,
L. J. Ou,
P. Pattarakijwanich,
Z. Y. Pei,
J. C. Qi,
M. Y. Qi,
B. Q. Qiao,
J. J. Qin,
A. Raza,
D. Ruffolo,
A. Sáiz,
M. Saeed,
D. Semikoz,
L. Shao,
O. Shchegolev,
X. D. Sheng,
F. W. Shu,
H. C. Song,
Yu. V. Stenkin,
V. Stepanov,
Y. Su,
D. X. Sun,
Q. N. Sun,
X. N. Sun,
Z. B. Sun,
J. Takata,
P. H. T. Tam,
Q. W. Tang,
R. Tang,
Z. B. Tang,
W. W. Tian,
L. H. Wan,
C. Wang,
C. B. Wang,
G. W. Wang,
H. G. Wang,
H. H. Wang,
J. C. Wang,
Kai Wang,
Kai Wang,
L. P. Wang,
L. Y. Wang,
P. H. Wang,
R. Wang,
W. Wang,
X. G. Wang,
X. Y. Wang,
Y. Wang,
Y. D. Wang,
Y. J. Wang,
Z. H. Wang,
Z. X. Wang,
Zhen Wang,
Zheng Wang,
D. M. Wei,
J. J. Wei,
Y. J. Wei,
T. Wen,
C. Y. Wu,
H. R. Wu,
Q. W. Wu,
S. Wu,
X. F. Wu,
Y. S. Wu,
S. Q. Xi,
J. Xia,
G. M. Xiang,
D. X. Xiao,
G. Xiao,
Y. L. Xin,
Y. Xing,
D. R. Xiong,
Z. Xiong,
D. L. Xu,
R. F. Xu,
R. X. Xu,
W. L. Xu,
L. Xue,
D. H. Yan,
J. Z. Yan,
T. Yan,
C. W. Yang,
C. Y. Yang,
F. Yang,
F. F. Yang,
L. L. Yang,
M. J. Yang,
R. Z. Yang,
W. X. Yang,
Y. H. Yao,
Z. G. Yao,
L. Q. Yin,
N. Yin,
X. H. You,
Z. Y. You,
Y. H. Yu,
Q. Yuan,
H. Yue,
H. D. Zeng,
T. X. Zeng,
W. Zeng,
M. Zha,
B. B. Zhang,
F. Zhang,
H. Zhang,
H. M. Zhang,
H. Y. Zhang,
J. L. Zhang,
Li Zhang,
P. F. Zhang,
P. P. Zhang,
R. Zhang,
S. B. Zhang,
S. R. Zhang,
S. S. Zhang,
X. Zhang,
X. P. Zhang,
Y. F. Zhang,
Yi Zhang,
Yong Zhang,
B. Zhao,
J. Zhao,
L. Zhao,
L. Z. Zhao,
S. P. Zhao,
X. H. Zhao,
F. Zheng,
W. J. Zhong,
B. Zhou,
H. Zhou,
J. N. Zhou,
M. Zhou,
P. Zhou,
R. Zhou,
X. X. Zhou,
X. X. Zhou,
B. Y. Zhu,
C. G. Zhu,
F. R. Zhu,
H. Zhu,
K. J. Zhu,
Y. C. Zou,
X. Zuo

Affiliations

Zhen Cao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
F. Aharonian: ORCiD; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies , 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland ; [email protected]; Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics , P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
Axikegu: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Y. X. Bai: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. W. Bao: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
D. Bastieri: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
X. J. Bi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. J. Bi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
W. Bian: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
A. V. Bukevich: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
Q. Cao: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
W. Y. Cao: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
Zhe Cao: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
J. Chang: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
J. F. Chang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
A. M. Chen: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
E. S. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
H. X. Chen: Research Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
Liang Chen: Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Lin Chen: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Long Chen: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
M. J. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
M. L. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
Q. H. Chen: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
S. Chen: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
S. H. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
S. Z. Chen: ORCiD; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
T. L. Chen: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People's Republic of China
Y. Chen: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
N. Cheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. D. Cheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
M. C. Chu: Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
M. Y. Cui: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
S. W. Cui: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
X. H. Cui: Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
Y. D. Cui: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
B. Z. Dai: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
H. L. Dai: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
Z. G. Dai: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
Danzengluobu: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People's Republic of China
X. Q. Dong: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
K. K. Duan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
J. H. Fan: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
Y. Z. Fan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
J. Fang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
J. H. Fang: Research Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
K. Fang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
C. F. Feng: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
H. Feng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
L. Feng: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
S. H. Feng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. T. Feng: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
Y. Feng: Research Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
Y. L. Feng: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People's Republic of China
S. Gabici: APC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
B. Gao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
C. D. Gao: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
Q. Gao: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People's Republic of China
W. Gao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
W. K. Gao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
M. M. Ge: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
T. T. Ge: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
L. S. Geng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
G. Giacinti: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
G. H. Gong: Department of Engineering Physics and Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , 100084 Beijing, People's Republic of China
Q. B. Gou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
M. H. Gu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
F. L. Guo: Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
J. Guo: Department of Engineering Physics and Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , 100084 Beijing, People's Republic of China
X. L. Guo: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Y. Q. Guo: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. Y. Guo: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Y. A. Han: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
O. A. Hannuksela: Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
M. Hasan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
H. H. He: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
H. N. He: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
J. Y. He: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Y. He: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Y. K. Hor: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
B. W. Hou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
C. Hou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. Hou: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
H. B. Hu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Q. Hu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
S. C. Hu: ORCiD; Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; China Center of Advanced Science and Technology , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
C. Huang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
D. H. Huang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
T. Q. Huang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
W. J. Huang: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
X. T. Huang: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
X. Y. Huang: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Y. Huang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. Y. Huang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. L. Ji: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
H. Y. Jia: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
K. Jia: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
H. B. Jiang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
K. Jiang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
X. W. Jiang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Z. J. Jiang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
M. Jin: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
M. M. Kang: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
I. Karpikov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
D. Khangulyan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
D. Kuleshov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
K. Kurinov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
B. B. Li: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
C. M. Li: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Cheng Li: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
Cong Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
D. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
F. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
H. B. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
H. C. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Jian Li: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
Jie Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
K. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
S. D. Li: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
W. L. Li: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
W. L. Li: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
X. R. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Xin Li: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
Y. Z. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Zhe Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Zhuo Li: School of Physics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People's Republic of China
E. W. Liang: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. F. Liang: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
S. J. Lin: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
B. Liu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
C. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
D. Liu: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
D. B. Liu: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
H. Liu: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
H. D. Liu: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
J. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
J. L. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
M. Y. Liu: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People's Republic of China
R. Y. Liu: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
S. M. Liu: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
W. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. Liu: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
Y. N. Liu: Department of Engineering Physics and Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , 100084 Beijing, People's Republic of China
Q. Luo: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
Y. Luo: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
H. K. Lv: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
B. Q. Ma: School of Physics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People's Republic of China
L. L. Ma: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. H. Ma: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
J. R. Mao: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
Z. Min: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
W. Mitthumsiri: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
H. J. Mu: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
Y. C. Nan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
A. Neronov: APC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
K. C. Y. Ng: Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
L. J. Ou: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
P. Pattarakijwanich: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Z. Y. Pei: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
J. C. Qi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
M. Y. Qi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
B. Q. Qiao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
J. J. Qin: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
A. Raza: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
D. Ruffolo: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
A. Sáiz: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400, Thailand
M. Saeed: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
D. Semikoz: APC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
L. Shao: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
O. Shchegolev: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , 141700 Moscow, Russia
X. D. Sheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
F. W. Shu: Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
H. C. Song: School of Physics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People's Republic of China
Yu. V. Stenkin: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , 141700 Moscow, Russia
V. Stepanov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
Y. Su: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
D. X. Sun: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Q. N. Sun: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
X. N. Sun: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Z. B. Sun: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
J. Takata: School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
P. H. T. Tam: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
Q. W. Tang: Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
R. Tang: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Z. B. Tang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
W. W. Tian: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
L. H. Wan: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
C. Wang: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
C. B. Wang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
G. W. Wang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
H. G. Wang: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
H. H. Wang: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
J. C. Wang: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
Kai Wang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Kai Wang: School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
L. P. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
L. Y. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
P. H. Wang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
R. Wang: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
W. Wang: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
X. G. Wang: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. Y. Wang: ORCiD; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. Wang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Y. D. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. J. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Z. H. Wang: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Z. X. Wang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
Zhen Wang: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Zheng Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
D. M. Wei: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
J. J. Wei: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Y. J. Wei: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
T. Wen: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
C. Y. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
H. R. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Q. W. Wu: School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
S. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. F. Wu: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Y. S. Wu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
S. Q. Xi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
J. Xia: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
G. M. Xiang: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
D. X. Xiao: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
G. Xiao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. L. Xin: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Y. Xing: Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
D. R. Xiong: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
Z. Xiong: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
D. L. Xu: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
R. F. Xu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
R. X. Xu: School of Physics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People's Republic of China
W. L. Xu: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
L. Xue: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
D. H. Yan: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
J. Z. Yan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
T. Yan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
C. W. Yang: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
C. Y. Yang: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
F. Yang: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
F. F. Yang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
L. L. Yang: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai), School of Physics (Guangzhou), and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai and 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
M. J. Yang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
R. Z. Yang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
W. X. Yang: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
Y. H. Yao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Z. G. Yao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
L. Q. Yin: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
N. Yin: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
X. H. You: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Z. Y. You: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. H. Yu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
Q. Yuan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
H. Yue: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
H. D. Zeng: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
T. X. Zeng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
W. Zeng: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
M. Zha: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
B. B. Zhang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
F. Zhang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
H. Zhang: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
H. M. Zhang: ORCiD; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
H. Y. Zhang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
J. L. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
Li Zhang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
P. F. Zhang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
P. P. Zhang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
R. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
S. B. Zhang: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
S. R. Zhang: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
S. S. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. Zhang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. P. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
Y. F. Zhang: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
Yi Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Yong Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
B. Zhao: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
J. Zhao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
L. Zhao: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
L. Z. Zhao: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
S. P. Zhao: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
X. H. Zhao: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
F. Zheng: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
W. J. Zhong: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
B. Zhou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
H. Zhou: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
J. N. Zhou: Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
M. Zhou: Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
P. Zhou: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
R. Zhou: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
X. X. Zhou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]
X. X. Zhou: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
B. Y. Zhu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
C. G. Zhu: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
F. R. Zhu: School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
H. Zhu: Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
K. J. Zhu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People's Republic of China
Y. C. Zou: School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
X. Zuo: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; [email protected]

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad8921
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 975, no. 2
p. L44

Abstract

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The nearby radio galaxy M87 is a very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emitter established by observations with ground-based gamma-ray detectors. Here we report the long-term monitoring of M87 from 2021 to 2024 with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). M87 has been detected by LHAASO with a statistical significance ∼ 9 σ . The observed energy spectrum extends to 20 TeV, with a possible hardening at ∼20 TeV and then a clear softening at higher energies. Assuming that the intrinsic spectrum is described by a single power law up to 20 TeV, a tight upper bound on the extragalactic background light intensity is obtained. A strong VHE flare lasting 8 days, with a rise time of ${\tau }_{r}^{\mathrm{rise}}=1.05\pm 0.49$ days and decay time of ${\tau }_{d}^{\mathrm{decay}}=2.17\pm 0.58$ days, was found in early 2022. A possible GeV flare is seen also in Fermi Large Area Telescope data during the VHE flare period. The variability time as short as 1 day seen in the LHAASO data suggests a compact emission region with a size of ∼3 × 10 ^15 δ cm ( δ being the Doppler factor of the emitting region), corresponding to a few Schwarzschild radii of the central supermassive black hole in M87. The continuous monitoring of the source reveals a duty cycle of ∼1% for VHE flares with a flux above 10 ^−11 erg cm ^−2 s ^−1 .

Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

ISSN: 2041-8205 (Print); 2041-8213 (Online)
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Country of publisher: United Kingdom
LCC subjects: Science: Astronomy: Astrophysics
Website: https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205

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