Diagnosis of Arboleda‐Tham syndrome by whole‐exome sequencing in an Asian girl with severe developmental delay

Abstract

Abstract Objective This study aims to report a severe phenotype of Arboleda‐Tham syndrome in a 20‐month‐old girl, characterized by global developmental delay, distinct facial features, intellectual disability. Arboleda‐Tham syndrome is known for its wide phenotypic spectrum and is associated with truncating variants in the KAT6A gene. Methods To diagnose this case, a combination of clinical phenotype assessment and whole‐exome sequencing technology was employed. The genetic analysis involved whole‐exome sequencing, followed by confirmation of the identified variant through Sanger sequencing. Results The whole‐exome sequencing revealed a novel de novo frameshift mutation c.3048del (p.Leu1017Serfs*17) in the KAT6A gene, which is classified as likely pathogenic. This mutation was not found in the ClinVar and HGMD databases and was not present in her parents. The mutation leads to protein truncation or activation of nonsense‐mediated mRNA degradation. The mutation is located within exon 16, potentially leading to protein truncation or activation of nonsense‐mediated mRNA degradation. Protein modeling suggested that the de novo KAT6A mutation might alter hydrogen bonding and reduce protein stability, potentially damaging the protein structure and function. Conclusion This study expands the understanding of the genetic basis of Arboleda‐Tham syndrome, highlighting the importance of whole‐exome sequencing in diagnosing cases with varied clinical presentations. The discovery of the novel KAT6A mutation adds to the spectrum of known pathogenic variants and underscores the significance of this gene in the syndrome's pathology.

Keywords

• Arboleda‐Tham syndrome
• de novo truncating variants
• facial dysmorphism
• global developmental delay
• KAT6A