Knowledge, barriers and uptake towards Cervical Cancer screening among female health workers in Ghana: A perspective of the Health Belief Model

Abstract

Background: Cervical Cancer poses a significant threat to women as a frequently occurring cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Despite its consequences, it can be prevented or its debilitating effects managed through timely screening and treatment. Empirical research among nurses and midwives regarding Cervical Cancer in Ghana is non-existent despite their role as health promoters. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the intention to screen, screening uptake levels, knowledge, and barriers to screening among health workers in Ghana. Due to COVID-19-related obstacles, data was collected from March 2021 to October 2021 using a self-administered questionnaire. Methodology: This descriptive study employed self-administered questionnaires and used descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages for the interpretation of variables and constructs of the Health Belief Model. Pearson’s Chi-square test of independence and Fisher’s exact test were adopted to explain significant relationships between variables and constructs of the Health Belief Model, while composite scoring determined knowledge scores. Findings: This study showed high interest, poor knowledge, and low participation in Cervical Cancer screening. More than half of the respondents did not know Cervical Cancer was sexually transmitted. There was consensus that, if detected early, Cervical Cancer could be successfully treated. Notable barriers to screening include lack of screening facilities, the fear of misdiagnosis, and the threat of Cancer. Fisher’s exact analysis demonstrated association between pain/embarrassment and screening, as well as the intention to screen and one’s marital status. Conclusion: This study suggests poor knowledge and low screening uptake among female nurses and midwives. It is critical to use an inter-sectorial approach to abolish the barriers identified to facilitate screening participation.

Keywords

• Cervical cancer
• Female nurses
• Midwives
• Screening
• Health Belief Model