Redox Imbalance in Neurological Disorders in Adults and Children
Federica Rey,
Clarissa Berardo,
Erika Maghraby,
Alessia Mauri,
Letizia Messa,
Letizia Esposito,
Giovanna Casili,
Sara Ottolenghi,
Eleonora Bonaventura,
Salvatore Cuzzocrea,
Gianvincenzo Zuccotti,
Davide Tonduti,
Emanuela Esposito,
Irene Paterniti,
Cristina Cereda,
Stephana Carelli
Affiliations
Federica Rey
Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
Clarissa Berardo
Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
Erika Maghraby
Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
Alessia Mauri
Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
Letizia Messa
Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
Letizia Esposito
Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
Giovanna Casili
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
Sara Ottolenghi
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
Eleonora Bonaventura
Child Neurology Unit, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
Salvatore Cuzzocrea
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
Davide Tonduti
Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
Emanuela Esposito
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
Irene Paterniti
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
Cristina Cereda
Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
Stephana Carelli
Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
Oxygen is a central molecule for numerous metabolic and cytophysiological processes, and, indeed, its imbalance can lead to numerous pathological consequences. In the human body, the brain is an aerobic organ and for this reason, it is very sensitive to oxygen equilibrium. The consequences of oxygen imbalance are especially devastating when occurring in this organ. Indeed, oxygen imbalance can lead to hypoxia, hyperoxia, protein misfolding, mitochondria dysfunction, alterations in heme metabolism and neuroinflammation. Consequently, these dysfunctions can cause numerous neurological alterations, both in the pediatric life and in the adult ages. These disorders share numerous common pathways, most of which are consequent to redox imbalance. In this review, we will focus on the dysfunctions present in neurodegenerative disorders (specifically Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and pediatric neurological disorders (X-adrenoleukodystrophies, spinal muscular atrophy, mucopolysaccharidoses and Pelizaeus–Merzbacher Disease), highlighting their underlining dysfunction in redox and identifying potential therapeutic strategies.
