Efficacy of Flaxseed Compared to ACE Inhibition in Treating Anthracycline- and Trastuzumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Sara M. Telles-Langdon, BKin (Hons), MSc,
Vibhuti Arya, BSc (Hons), MSc,
Paris R. Haasbeek,
David Y.C. Cheung, BSc,
Cameron R. Eekhoudt, BSc, MSc,
Lana Mackic, BSc,
Ashley N. Bryson, BSc, MD,
Sonu S. Varghese, BSc, MSc,
J. Alejandro Austria,
James A. Thliveris, PhD,
Harold M. Aukema, PhD,
Amir Ravandi, MD, PhD, FRCPC,
Pawan K. Singal, PhD, DSc, LLD (Hon),
Davinder S. Jassal, MD, FACC, FCCS, FRCPC
Affiliations
Sara M. Telles-Langdon, BKin (Hons), MSc
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Vibhuti Arya, BSc (Hons), MSc
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Paris R. Haasbeek
Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
David Y.C. Cheung, BSc
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Cameron R. Eekhoudt, BSc, MSc
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Lana Mackic, BSc
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Ashley N. Bryson, BSc, MD
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Sonu S. Varghese, BSc, MSc
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
J. Alejandro Austria
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
James A. Thliveris, PhD
Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Harold M. Aukema, PhD
Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Amir Ravandi, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Pawan K. Singal, PhD, DSc, LLD (Hon)
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Davinder S. Jassal, MD, FACC, FCCS, FRCPC
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Radiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Corresponding author: Dr Davinder S. Jassal, Professor of Medicine, Radiology, and Physiology and Pathophysiology, Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm Y3531, Bergen Cardiac Care Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, 409 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada. Tel.: +1-204-258-1290; fax: +1-204-233-2157.
Background: Although the current combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy is used in the breast-cancer setting, the administration of the anticancer drugs doxorubicin and trastuzumab is associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure. The aim of this study is to determine whether dietary flaxseed is comparable and/or synergistic with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril in the treatment of doxorubicin- and trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity. Methods: In a chronic in vivo murine model (n = 110), doxorubicin and trastuzumab (8 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, respectively) were administered weekly for 3 weeks. Following this period, the mice were randomized to daily consumption of a 10% flaxseed supplemented diet, administration of perindopril (3 mg/kg) via oral gavage, or a combination of both flaxseed and perindopril for an additional 3 weeks. Results: In mice treated with doxorubicin and trastuzumab, the left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 74% ± 4% at baseline to 30% ± 2% at week 6. Treatment with either flaxseed or perindopril, or with flaxseed and perindopril improved left ventricular ejection fraction to 52% ± 4%, 54% ± 4%, and 55% ± 3%, respectively (P < 0.05). Although histologic analyses confirmed significant loss of sarcomere integrity and vacuolization in the doxorubicin- and trastuzumab-treated mice, treatment with flaxseed or perindopril, or with flaxseed and perindopril improved myocyte integrity. Finally, the level of Bcl-2 interacting protein 3, high-mobility group box 1 protein expression, and the levels of select oxylipins, were significantly elevated in mice receiving doxorubicin and trastuzumab; these markers were attenuated by treatment with either flaxseed or perindopril, or with flaxseed and perindopril. Conclusions: Flaxseed was equivalent to perindopril at improving cardiovascular remodelling by reducing biomarkers of inflammation, mitochondrial damage, and cell death. Résumé: Contexte: Si l’association actuelle de la chirurgie, de la radiothérapie et de la chimiothérapie est utilisée pour le traitement du cancer du sein, on observe néanmoins que l’administration de la doxorubicine et du trastuzumab, deux anticancéreux, augmente les risques d’insuffisance cardiaque. Cette étude vise à déterminer si les graines de lin alimentaires ont un effet comparable et/ou synergique à celui du périndopril, un inhibiteur de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine, dans le traitement de la cardiotoxicité liée à la doxorubicine et au trastuzumab. Méthodologie: Dans un modèle murin chronique in vivo (n = 110), la doxorubicine et le trastuzumab (8 mg/kg et 3 mg/kg, respectivement) ont été administrés une fois par semaine pendant trois semaines. Après cette période, les souris ont été réparties de façon aléatoire dans trois groupes : l’un recevant tous les jours un régime alimentaire contenant 10 % de graines de lin, un autre recevant du périndopril (3 mg/kg) par gavage oral et un troisième recevant à la fois des graines de lin et du périndopril pendant trois semaines supplémentaires. Résultats: Chez les souris recevant la doxorubicine et le trastuzumab, la fraction d’éjection ventriculaire gauche est passée de 74 % ± 4 % au départ à 30 % ± 2 % à la semaine 6. Avec le traitement par les graines de lin seules, le périndopril seul ou les graines de lin et le périndopril en association, la fraction d’éjection ventriculaire gauche est passée à 52 % ± 4 %, à 54 % ± 4 % et à 55 % ± 3 %, respectivement (p < 0,05). Bien que les analyses histologiques aient permis de confirmer une perte significative de l’intégrité des sarcomères et une vacuolisation chez les souris recevant la doxorubicine et le trastuzumab, le traitement par les graines de lin seules, le périndopril seul ou les graines de lin et le périndopril en association a amélioré l’intégrité des myocytes. Enfin, les taux de protéine 3 interagissant avec BCL-2, l’expression de la protéine HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1) et les taux de certaines oxylipines étaient significativement élevés chez les souris recevant la doxorubicine et le trastuzumab. Ces marqueurs ont été atténués par les graines de lin, le périndopril ou l’association des deux. Conclusions: En diminuant les biomarqueurs de l’inflammation, les dommages aux mitochondries et la mort cellulaire, les graines de lin ont un effet équivalant à celui du périndopril quant à l’amélioration du remodelage cardiovasculaire.