Microtubule motor driven interactions of lipid droplets: Specificities and opportunities

Abstract

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Lipid Droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved cellular organelles that store neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol and cholesterol-esters. Neutral lipids are enclosed within the limiting membrane of the LD, which is a monolayer of phospholipids and is therefore fundamentally different from the bilayer membrane enclosing most other organelles. LDs have long been viewed as a storehouse of lipids needed on demand for generating energy and membranes inside cells. Outside this classical view, we are now realizing that LDs have significant roles in protein sequestration, supply of signalling lipids, viral replication, lipoprotein production and many other functions of important physiological consequence. To execute such functions, LDs must often exchange lipids and proteins with other organelles (e.g., the ER, lysosomes, mitochondria) via physical contacts. But before such exchanges can occur, how does a micron-sized LD with limited ability to diffuse around find its cognate organelle? There is growing evidence that motor protein driven motion of LDs along microtubules may facilitate such LD-organelle interactions. We will summarize some aspects of LD motion leading to LD-organelle contacts, how these change with metabolic state and pathogen infections, and also ask how these pathways could perhaps be targeted selectively in the context of disease and drug delivery. Such a possibility arises because the binding of motor proteins to the monolayer membrane on LDs could be different from motor binding to the membrane on other cellular organelles.

Keywords

• microtubule motor
• kinesin
• dynein
• lipid droplet
• membrane contacts
• lipid metabolism