CJC Open (Dec 2023)
Chest Pain Evaluation: Diagnostic Testing
- Benjamin J.W. Chow, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FACC, FESC, FASNC, MSCCT,
- Paul Galiwango, MD, FRCPC,
- Anthony Poulin, MD,
- Paolo Raggi, MD, FACC, FAHA, FACP, FASNC, FSCCT,
- Gary Small, MBChB, PhD, MRCP,
- Daniel Juneau, MD, FRCPC,
- Mustapha Kazmi, MD, FRCPC,
- Bilal Ayach, MC, MSc, PhD, FRCPC,
- Rob S. Beanlands, MD, FRCPC,
- Anthony J. Sanfilippo, MD, FRCPC, FACC,
- Chi-Ming Chow, MDCM, MSc, FRCPC, FCCS,
- D. Ian Paterson, MD, FRCPC,
- Michael Chetrit, MD, FRCPC, FACC,
- Davinder S. Jassal, MD, FACC, FCCS, FRCPC,
- Kim Connelly, MBBS, PhD, FSCMR, FCCS,
- Eric Larose, DVM, MD, FRCPC, FCCS, FAHA,
- Helen Bishop, MD, FRCPC,
- Malek Kass, MD,
- Todd J. Anderson, MD,
- Haissam Haddad, MD,
- John Mancini, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FACC,
- Katie Doucet, MD, FRCPR,
- Jean-Sebastien Daigle, MD, FRCPC,
- Amir Ahmadi, MD, FRCPC, FACC, FSCCT,
- Jonathan Leipsic, MD, FRCPC,
- Siok Ping Lim, MRCP(UK), FRCR(UK), FRCPC,
- Andrew McRae, MD, PhD, FRCPC,
- Annie Y. Chou, MD, FRCPC
Affiliations
- Benjamin J.W. Chow, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FACC, FESC, FASNC, MSCCT
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Corresponding author: Dr Benjamin J.W. Chow, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, S407, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada. Tel.: +-1-613-696-7286; fax: +1-613-696-7248.
- Paul Galiwango, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Anthony Poulin, MD
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Paolo Raggi, MD, FACC, FAHA, FACP, FASNC, FSCCT
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Gary Small, MBChB, PhD, MRCP
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Daniel Juneau, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Mustapha Kazmi, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Bilal Ayach, MC, MSc, PhD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rob S. Beanlands, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Anthony J. Sanfilippo, MD, FRCPC, FACC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Chi-Ming Chow, MDCM, MSc, FRCPC, FCCS
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- D. Ian Paterson, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Michael Chetrit, MD, FRCPC, FACC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Davinder S. Jassal, MD, FACC, FCCS, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Kim Connelly, MBBS, PhD, FSCMR, FCCS
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Eric Larose, DVM, MD, FRCPC, FCCS, FAHA
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Helen Bishop, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Malek Kass, MD
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Todd J. Anderson, MD
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Haissam Haddad, MD
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- John Mancini, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FACC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Katie Doucet, MD, FRCPR
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Jean-Sebastien Daigle, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Amir Ahmadi, MD, FRCPC, FACC, FSCCT
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Jonathan Leipsic, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Siok Ping Lim, MRCP(UK), FRCR(UK), FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Andrew McRae, MD, PhD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Annie Y. Chou, MD, FRCPC
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Scarborough Health Network and Lakeridge Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Peterborough Regional Health Centre, Kawartha Cardiology Clinic, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Everett Chalmers Hospital, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Mayfair Diagnostics, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Radiology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 5,
no. 12
pp. 891 – 903
Abstract
Chest pain/discomfort (CP) is a common symptom and can be a diagnostic dilemma for many clinicians. The misdiagnosis of an acute or progressive chronic cardiac etiology may carry a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes the different options and modalities for establishing the diagnosis and severity of coronary artery disease. An effective test selection algorithm should be individually tailored to each patient to maximize diagnostic accuracy in a timely fashion, determine short- and long-term prognosis, and permit implementation of evidence-based treatments in a cost-effective manner. Through collaboration, a decision algorithm was developed (www.chowmd.ca/cadtesting) that could be adopted widely into clinical practice. Résumé: La douleur ou la gêne thoracique sont des symptômes fréquents qui peuvent poser un dilemme diagnostique pour de nombreux médecins. Les erreurs de diagnostic d’une cause aiguë ou chronique progressive d’origine cardiaque peuvent d'ailleurs entraîner un risque considérable de morbidité et de mortalité. La présente synthèse porte sur les différentes options et modalités d’établissement du diagnostic et de la gravité d’une coronaropathie. Un algorithme efficace pour le choix des tests doit être adapté à chaque patient afin de maximiser l’exactitude diagnostique dans les plus brefs délais, de déterminer le pronostic à court et à long terme, et de permettre une mise en œuvre de traitements fondés sur des données probantes tout en tenant compte des coûts. Un algorithme décisionnel a donc été conjointement mis au point (www.chowmd.ca/cadtesting) et pourrait être largement adopté dans la pratique clinique.
