The Cytotoxic Effect of Candidalysin on Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Introduction. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and functional effects of candidalysin, a cytolytic peptide toxin produced by Candida albicans, on primary human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). Methods. Primary hGFs were treated with candidalysin at concentrations of 3, 5, and 15 µM. Cytotoxicity of candidalysin was assessed using the MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Morphological changes were examined via light microscopy, while functional cell migration was evaluated using a wound healing assay, with image analysis performed using Fiji/ImageJ. Results. Candidalysin significantly decreased hGF viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with 15 µM exhibiting the strongest cytotoxicity across all time points. Morphological assessment revealed membrane damage and cytoplasmic shrinkage. Wound healing was significantly impaired at 24 hours in the 15 µM group (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Candidalysin exerts dose-dependent cytotoxic and functional inhibitory effects on primary hGFs, affecting their viability, morphology, and wound healing capabilities. These findings support candidalysin’s role in periodontal tissue damage and provide a basis for future investigations into targeted antifungal strategies.

Keywords

• candida albicans
• candidalysin
• gingiva
• fibroblast
• wound healing
• cellular toxicity