A Temporary Pause in the Replication Licensing Restriction Leads to Rereplication during Early Human Cell Differentiation

Abstract

Gene amplifications in amphibians and flies are known to occur during development and have been well characterized, unlike in mammalian cells, where they are predominantly investigated as an attribute of tumors. Recently, we first described gene amplifications in human and mouse neural stem cells, myoblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells during differentiation. The mechanism leading to gene amplifications in amphibians and flies depends on endocycles and multiple origin-firings. So far, there is no knowledge about a comparable mechanism in normal human cells. Here, we describe rereplication during the early myotube differentiation of human skeletal myoblast cells, using fiber combing and pulse-treatment with EdU (5′-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine)/CldU (5-Chlor-2′-deoxyuridine) and IdU (5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine)/CldU. We found rereplication during a restricted time window between 2 h and 8 h after differentiation induction. Rereplication was detected in cells simultaneously with the amplification of the MDM2 gene. Our findings support rereplication as a mechanism enabling gene amplification in normal human cells.

Keywords

• gene amplification
• fiber combing
• CDT1
• GMNN