The Etiology and Risk Factors of Osgood–Schlatter Disease: A Systematic Review
Ludovico Lucenti,
Marco Sapienza,
Alessia Caldaci,
Claudia de Cristo,
Gianluca Testa,
Vito Pavone
Affiliations
Ludovico Lucenti
Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A.O.U.P. Policlinico Rodolico—San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Marco Sapienza
Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A.O.U.P. Policlinico Rodolico—San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Alessia Caldaci
Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A.O.U.P. Policlinico Rodolico—San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Claudia de Cristo
Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A.O.U.P. Policlinico Rodolico—San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Gianluca Testa
Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A.O.U.P. Policlinico Rodolico—San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
Vito Pavone
Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, A.O.U.P. Policlinico Rodolico—San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
The etiology and etiopathogenesis of Osgood–Schlatter Disease (OD) are not fully understood. The aim of this review is to systematically analyze the available literature about the etiology and risk factors of OD. The literature was systematically reviewed using the PRISMA criteria to evaluate all studies published in the last 25 years (between 1996 and 2021) dealing with the etiology of OD. A total of 16 articles were included. The etiology and risk factors of OD are controversial. The main articles focused on muscular factors (mainly tightness of the rectus femoris), alteration of the patellar tendon or extensor mechanism, mechanical factors (repetitive solicitation, trauma, sports), tibial anatomy (tibial slope or tibial torsion), and histological alteration. Associations with ankle kinematic and behavior disorders were also reported. Many theories about the etiology, risk factors, and associated factors of OD have been reported in the literature, but more studies are needed to fully understand the etiopathogenesis of this disorder.
