The Planetary Science Journal (Jan 2023)
OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis
- Daniella N. DellaGiustina,
- Michael C. Nolan,
- Anjani T. Polit,
- Michael C. Moreau,
- Dathon R. Golish,
- Amy A. Simon,
- Coralie D. Adam,
- Peter G. Antreasian,
- Ronald-Louis Ballouz,
- Olivier S. Barnouin,
- Kris J. Becker,
- Carina A. Bennett,
- Richard P. Binzel,
- Brent J. Bos,
- Richard Burns,
- Nayessda Castro,
- Steven R. Chesley,
- Philip R. Christensen,
- M. Katherine Crombie,
- Michael G. Daly,
- R. Terik Daly,
- Heather L. Enos,
- Davide Farnocchia,
- Sandra Freund Kasper,
- Rose Garcia,
- Kenneth M. Getzandanner,
- Scott D. Guzewich,
- Christopher W. Haberle,
- Timothy Haltigin,
- Victoria E. Hamilton,
- Karl Harshman,
- Noble Hatten,
- Kyle M. Hughes,
- Erica R. Jawin,
- Hannah H. Kaplan,
- Dante S. Lauretta,
- Jason M. Leonard,
- Andrew H. Levine,
- Andrew J. Liounis,
- Christian W. May,
- Laura C. Mayorga,
- Lillian Nguyen,
- Lynnae C. Quick,
- Dennis C. Reuter,
- Edgard Rivera-Valentín,
- Bashar Rizk,
- Heather L. Roper,
- Andrew J. Ryan,
- Brian Sutter,
- Mathilde M. Westermann,
- Daniel R. Wibben,
- Bobby G. Williams,
- Kenneth Williams,
- C. W. V. Wolner
Affiliations
- Daniella N. DellaGiustina
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Michael C. Nolan
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Anjani T. Polit
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Michael C. Moreau
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Dathon R. Golish
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Amy A. Simon
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Coralie D. Adam
- ORCiD
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA
- Peter G. Antreasian
- ORCiD
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA
- Ronald-Louis Ballouz
- ORCiD
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Olivier S. Barnouin
- ORCiD
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Kris J. Becker
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Carina A. Bennett
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Richard P. Binzel
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA
- Brent J. Bos
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Richard Burns
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Nayessda Castro
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Steven R. Chesley
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Philip R. Christensen
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 , USA
- M. Katherine Crombie
- ORCiD
- Indigo Information Services , Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
- Michael G. Daly
- ORCiD
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3 , Canada
- R. Terik Daly
- ORCiD
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Heather L. Enos
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Davide Farnocchia
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Sandra Freund Kasper
- ORCiD
- Lockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO 80127, USA
- Rose Garcia
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Kenneth M. Getzandanner
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Scott D. Guzewich
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Christopher W. Haberle
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Timothy Haltigin
- ORCiD
- Canadian Space Agency , St. Hubert, QC, J3Y 8Y9, Canada
- Victoria E. Hamilton
- ORCiD
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302 , USA
- Karl Harshman
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Noble Hatten
- ORCiD
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Kyle M. Hughes
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Erica R. Jawin
- ORCiD
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum , Washington, DC 20560, USA
- Hannah H. Kaplan
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Dante S. Lauretta
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jason M. Leonard
- ORCiD
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA
- Andrew H. Levine
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA
- Andrew J. Liounis
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Christian W. May
- Lockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO 80127, USA
- Laura C. Mayorga
- ORCiD
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Lillian Nguyen
- ORCiD
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Lynnae C. Quick
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Dennis C. Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Edgard Rivera-Valentín
- ORCiD
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USA
- Bashar Rizk
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Heather L. Roper
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Andrew J. Ryan
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Brian Sutter
- Lockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO 80127, USA
- Mathilde M. Westermann
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Daniel R. Wibben
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA
- Bobby G. Williams
- ORCiD
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA
- Kenneth Williams
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USA
- C. W. V. Wolner
- ORCiD
- Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/acf75e
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 4,
no. 10
p. 198
Abstract
The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft mission characterized and collected a sample from asteroid (101955) Bennu. After the OSIRIS-REx Sample Return Capsule released to Earth’s surface in 2023 September, the spacecraft diverted into a new orbit that encounters asteroid (99942) Apophis in 2029, enabling a second mission with the same unique capabilities: OSIRIS–Apophis Explorer (APEX). On 2029 April 13, the 340 m diameter Apophis will draw within ∼32,000 km of Earth’s surface, less than 1/10 the lunar distance. Apophis will be the largest object to approach Earth this closely in recorded history. This rare planetary encounter will alter Apophis’s orbit, will subject it to tidal forces that change its spin state, and may seismically disturb its surface. APEX will distantly observe Apophis during the Earth encounter and capture its evolution in real time, revealing the consequences of an asteroid undergoing tidal disturbance by a major planet. Beginning in 2029 July, the spacecraft’s instrument suite will begin providing high-resolution data of this “stony” asteroid—advancing knowledge of these objects and their connection to meteorites. Near the mission’s end, APEX will use its thrusters to excavate regolith, a technique demonstrated at Bennu. Observations before, during, and after excavation will provide insight into the subsurface and material properties of stony asteroids. Furthermore, Apophis’s material and structure have critical implications for planetary defense.
Keywords
