Preparation and Characterization of Mono- and Biphasic Ca<sub>1−x</sub>Ag<sub>x</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O Compounds for Biomedical Applications
Fahad Abdulaziz,
Khalil Issa,
Mohammed Alyami,
Satam Alotibi,
Abdulaziz A. Alanazi,
Taha Abdel Mohaymen Taha,
Asma M. E. Saad,
Gehan A. Hammouda,
Nagat Hamad,
Mazen Alshaaer
Affiliations
Fahad Abdulaziz
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
Khalil Issa
Orthopedics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00972, Palestine
Mohammed Alyami
Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Satam Alotibi
Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Abdulaziz A. Alanazi
Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Taha Abdel Mohaymen Taha
Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
Asma M. E. Saad
Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Gehan A. Hammouda
Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Nagat Hamad
Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Mazen Alshaaer
Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
This study aimed to explore the effects of the full-scale replacement (up to 100%) of Ca2+ ions with Ag1+ ions in the structure of brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O). This substitution has potential benefits for producing monophasic and biphasic Ca1−xAgxHPO4·nH2O compounds. To prepare the starting solutions, (NH4)2HPO4, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, and AgNO3 at different concentrations were used. The results showed that when the Ag/Ca molar ratio was below 0.25, partial substitution of Ca with Ag reduced the size of the unit cell of brushite. As the Ag/Ca molar ratio increased to 4, a compound with both monoclinic CaHPO4·2H2O and cubic nanostructured Ag3PO4 phases formed. There was a nearly linear relationship between the Ag ion ratio in the starting solutions and the wt% precipitation of the Ag3PO4 phase in the resulting compound. Moreover, when the Ag/Ca molar ratio exceeded 4, a single-phase Ag3PO4 compound formed. Hence, adjusting the Ag/Ca ratio in the starting solution allows the production of biomaterials with customized properties. In summary, this study introduces a novel synthesis method for the mono- and biphasic Ca1−xAgxHPO4·nH2O compounds brushite and silver phosphate. The preparation of these phases in a one-pot synthesis with controlled phase composition resulted in the enhancement of existing bone cement formulations by allowing better mixing of the starting ingredients.
