Linguistic Validation, Adaptation, and Reliability of the Liverpool Elbow Score’s Patient-Answered Questionnaire in Bulgarian the Bulgarian Les-Paq Questionnaire

Abstract

There is a lack of upper-limb organ specific patient-reported questionnaires that are linguistically validated and culturally adapted for the Bulgarian population. The Liverpool Elbow Score (LES) is a mixed elbow-specific score with excellent psychometric properties of the patient-answered questionnaire (PAQ). There is no Bulgarian version. The aim of this study was to perform a linguistic validation and cultural adaptation of the LES−PAQ in Bulgarian, and to test the validity and reliability of the Bulgarian version.

Keywords

• linguistic validation
• elbow
• patient-reported outcomes
• questionnaire