Smartphone-Based Platforms for Clinical Detections in Lung-Cancer-Related Exhaled Breath Biomarkers: A Review
Qiwen Yu,
Jing Chen,
Wei Fu,
Kanhar Ghulam Muhammad,
Yi Li,
Wenxin Liu,
Linxin Xu,
Hao Dong,
Di Wang,
Jun Liu,
Yanli Lu,
Xing Chen
Affiliations
Qiwen Yu
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Jing Chen
School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310051, China
Wei Fu
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Kanhar Ghulam Muhammad
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Yi Li
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Wenxin Liu
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Linxin Xu
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Hao Dong
Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
Di Wang
Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
Jun Liu
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Yanli Lu
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Xing Chen
Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Lung cancer has been studied for decades because of its high morbidity and high mortality. Traditional methods involving bronchoscopy and needle biopsy are invasive and expensive, which makes patients suffer more risks and costs. Various noninvasive lung cancer markers, such as medical imaging indices, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and exhaled breath condensates (EBCs), have been discovered for application in screening, diagnosis, and prognosis. However, the detection of markers still relies on bulky and professional instruments, which are limited to training personnel or laboratories. This seriously hinders population screening for early diagnosis of lung cancer. Advanced smartphones integrated with powerful applications can provide easy operation and real-time monitoring for healthcare, which demonstrates tremendous application scenarios in the biomedical analysis region from medical institutions or laboratories to personalized medicine. In this review, we propose an overview of lung-cancer-related noninvasive markers from exhaled breath, focusing on the novel development of smartphone-based platforms for the detection of these biomarkers. Lastly, we discuss the current limitations and potential solutions.
