Lung cancer metabolomics: a pooled analysis in the Cancer Prevention Studies

Abstract

Abstract Background A better understanding of lung cancer etiology and the development of screening biomarkers have important implications for lung cancer prevention. Methods We included 623 matched case–control pairs from the Cancer Prevention Study (CPS) cohorts. Pre-diagnosis blood samples were collected between 1998 and 2001 in the CPS-II Nutrition cohort and 2006 and 2013 in the CPS-3 cohort and were sent for metabolomics profiling simultaneously. Cancer-free controls at the time of case diagnosis were 1:1 matched to cases on date of birth, blood draw date, sex, and race/ethnicity. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression, controlling for confounders. The Benjamini–Hochberg method was used to correct for multiple comparisons. Results Sphingomyelin (d18:0/22:0) (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.53, FDR = 0.15) and taurodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.55, FDR = 0.15) were positively associated with lung cancer risk. Participants diagnosed within 3 years of blood draw had a 55% and 48% higher risk of lung cancer per standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed sphingomyelin (d18:0/22:0) and taurodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate level, while 26% and 28% higher risk for those diagnosed beyond 3 years, compared to matched controls. Lipid and amino acid metabolism accounted for 47% to 80% of lung cancer-associated metabolites at P < 0.05 across all participants and subgroups. Notably, ever-smokers exhibited a higher proportion of lung cancer-associated metabolites (P < 0.05) in xenobiotic- and lipid-associated pathways, whereas never-smokers showed a more pronounced involvement of amino acid- and lipid-associated metabolic pathways. Conclusions This is the largest prospective study examining untargeted metabolic profiles regarding lung cancer risk. Sphingomyelin (d18:0/22:0), a sphingolipid, and taurodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate, a bile salt, may be risk factors and potential screening biomarkers for lung cancer. Lipid and amino acid metabolism may contribute significantly to lung cancer etiology which varied by smoking status.

Keywords

• Lung cancer
• Etiology
• Screening
• Metabolomics
• Sphingomyelin
• Bile salt