DEMIGOD: A Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Closed-Loop System Integrating Nanoengineered Sweat-Based Glucose Monitoring and Controlled Transdermal Nanoemulsion Release of Hypoglycemic Treatment with a Software Application for Noninvasive Personalized Diabetes Care
Vasiliki Fiska,
Eirini Papanikolaou,
Michaela Patila,
Mamas I. Prodromidis,
Maria G. Trachioti,
Eleni I. Tzianni,
Konstantinos Spyrou,
Pantelis Angelidis,
Markos G. Tsipouras
Affiliations
Vasiliki Fiska
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece
Eirini Papanikolaou
Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Michaela Patila
Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Mamas I. Prodromidis
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Maria G. Trachioti
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Eleni I. Tzianni
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Konstantinos Spyrou
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Pantelis Angelidis
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece
Markos G. Tsipouras
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece
This study endeavored to design and develop an innovative closed-loop diagnostic and therapeutic system with the following objectives: (a) the noninvasive detection of glucose concentration in sweat utilizing nanonengineered screen-printed biosensors; (b) the management of measured data through a specialized computer system comprising both hardware and software components, thereby enabling the precise control of therapeutic responses via a patch-based nanomedicine delivery system. This initiative addresses the significant challenges inherent in the management of diabetes mellitus, including the imperative need for glucose-level monitoring to optimize glycemic control. Leveraging chronoamperometric results as a foundational dataset and the in vivo hypoglycemic activity of nanoemulsion formulations, this research underscores the efficacy and accuracy of glucose concentration estimation, decision-making mechanism responses, and transdermal hypoglycemic treatment effects, within the proposed system.
