Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO

Zhen Cao; F. Aharonian; Y. X. Bai; Y. W. Bao; D. Bastieri; X. J. Bi; Y. J. Bi; W. Bian; A. V. Bukevich; C. M. Cai; W. Y. Cao; Zhe Cao; J. Chang; J. F. Chang; A. M. Chen; E. S. Chen; H. X. Chen; Liang Chen; Long Chen; M. J. Chen; M. L. Chen; Q. H. Chen; S. Chen; S. H. Chen; S. Z. Chen; T. L. Chen; X. B. Chen; X. J. Chen; Y. Chen; N. Cheng; Y. D. Cheng; M. C. Chu; M. Y. Cui; S. W. Cui; X. H. Cui; Y. D. Cui; B. Z. Dai; H. L. Dai; Z. G. Dai; Danzengluobu; Y. X. Diao; X. Q. Dong; K. K. Duan; J. H. Fan; Y. Z. Fan; J. Fang; J. H. Fang; K. Fang; C. F. Feng; H. Feng; L. Feng; S. H. Feng; X. T. Feng; Y. Feng; Y. L. Feng; S. Gabici; B. Gao; C. D. Gao; Q. Gao; W. Gao; W. K. Gao; M. M. Ge; T. T. Ge; L. S. Geng; G. Giacinti; G. H. Gong; Q. B. Gou; M. H. Gu; F. L. Guo; J. Guo; X. L. Guo; Y. Q. Guo; Y. Y. Guo; Y. A. Han; O. A. Hannuksela; M. Hasan; H. H. He; H. N. He; J. Y. He; X. Y. He; Y. He; S. Hernández-Cadena; Y. K. Hor; B. W. Hou; C. Hou; X. Hou; H. B. Hu; S. C. Hu; C. Huang; D. H. Huang; J. J. Huang; T. Q. Huang; W. J. Huang; X. T. Huang; X. Y. Huang; Y. Huang; Y. Y. Huang; X. L. Ji; H. Y. Jia; K. Jia; H. B. Jiang; K. Jiang; X. W. Jiang; Z. J. Jiang; M. Jin; S. Kaci; M. M. Kang; I. Karpikov; D. Khangulyan; D. Kuleshov; K. Kurinov; B. B. Li; Cheng Li; Cong Li; D. Li; F. Li; H. B. Li; H. C. Li; Jian Li; Jie Li; K. Li; L. Li; R. L. Li; S. D. Li; T. Y. Li; W. L. Li; X. R. Li; Xin Li; Y. Z. Li; Zhe Li; Zhuo Li; E. W. Liang; Y. F. Liang; S. J. Lin; B. Liu; C. Liu; D. Liu; D. B. Liu; H. Liu; H. D. Liu; J. Liu; J. L. Liu; J. R. Liu; M. Y. Liu; R. Y. Liu; S. M. Liu; W. Liu; X. Liu; Y. Liu; Y. Liu; Y. N. Liu; Y. Q. Lou; Q. Luo; Y. Luo; H. K. Lv; B. Q. Ma; L. L. Ma; X. H. Ma; J. R. Mao; Z. Min; W. Mitthumsiri; G. B. Mou; H. J. Mu; Y. C. Nan; A. Neronov; K. C. Y. Ng; M. Y. Ni; L. Nie; L. J. Ou; P. Pattarakijwanich; Z. Y. Pei; J. C. Qi; M. Y. Qi; J. J. Qin; A. Raza; C. Y. Ren; D. Ruffolo; A. Sáiz; M. Saeed; D. Semikoz; L. Shao; O. Shchegolev; Y. Z. Shen; X. D. Sheng; Z. D. Shi; F. W. Shu; H. C. Song; Yu. V. Stenkin; V. Stepanov; Y. Su; D. X. Sun; H. Sun; Q. N. Sun; X. N. Sun; Z. B. Sun; N. H. Tabasam; J. Takata; P. H. T. Tam; H. B. Tan; Q. W. Tang; R. Tang; Z. B. Tang; W. W. Tian; C. N. Tong; L. H. Wan; C. Wang; G. W. Wang; H. G. Wang; H. H. Wang; J. C. Wang; K. Wang; Kai Wang; Kai Wang; L. P. Wang; L. Y. Wang; L. Y. Wang; R. Wang; W. Wang; X. G. Wang; X. J. Wang; X. Y. Wang; Y. Wang; Y. D. Wang; Z. H. Wang; Z. X. Wang; Zheng Wang; D. M. Wei; J. J. Wei; Y. J. Wei; T. Wen; S. S. Weng; C. Y. Wu; H. R. Wu; Q. W. Wu; S. Wu; X. F. Wu; Y. S. Wu; S. Q. Xi; J. Xia; J. J. Xia; G. M. Xiang; D. X. Xiao; G. Xiao; Y. L. Xin; Y. Xing; D. R. Xiong; Z. Xiong; D. L. Xu; R. F. Xu; R. X. Xu; W. L. Xu; L. Xue; D. H. Yan; J. Z. Yan; T. Yan; C. W. Yang; C. Y. Yang; F. F. Yang; L. L. Yang; M. J. Yang; R. Z. Yang; W. X. Yang; Y. H. Yao; Z. G. Yao; X. A. Ye; L. Q. Yin; N. Yin; X. H. You; Z. Y. You; Y. H. Yu; Q. Yuan; H. Yue; H. D. Zeng; T. X. Zeng; W. Zeng; M. Zha; B. B. Zhang; B. T. Zhang; F. Zhang; H. Zhang; H. M. Zhang; H. Y. Zhang; J. L. Zhang; Li Zhang; P. F. Zhang; P. P. Zhang; R. Zhang; S. R. Zhang; S. S. Zhang; W. Y. Zhang; X. Zhang; X. P. Zhang; Yi Zhang; Yong Zhang; Z. P. Zhang; J. Zhao; L. Zhao; L. Z. Zhao; S. P. Zhao; X. H. Zhao; Z. H. Zhao; F. Zheng; W. J. Zhong; B. Zhou; H. Zhou; J. N. Zhou; M. Zhou; P. Zhou; R. Zhou; X. X. Zhou; X. X. Zhou; B. Y. Zhu; C. G. Zhu; F. R. Zhu; H. Zhu; K. J. Zhu; Y. C. Zou; X. Zuo

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adb97d

The Astrophysical Journal Letters (Jan 2025)

Constraining the Cosmic-Ray Energy Based on Observations of Nearby Galaxy Clusters by LHAASO

Zhen Cao,
F. Aharonian,
Y. X. Bai,
Y. W. Bao,
D. Bastieri,
X. J. Bi,
Y. J. Bi,
W. Bian,
A. V. Bukevich,
C. M. Cai,
W. Y. Cao,
Zhe Cao,
J. Chang,
J. F. Chang,
A. M. Chen,
E. S. Chen,
H. X. Chen,
Liang Chen,
Long Chen,
M. J. Chen,
M. L. Chen,
Q. H. Chen,
S. Chen,
S. H. Chen,
S. Z. Chen,
T. L. Chen,
X. B. Chen,
X. J. Chen,
Y. Chen,
N. Cheng,
Y. D. Cheng,
M. C. Chu,
M. Y. Cui,
S. W. Cui,
X. H. Cui,
Y. D. Cui,
B. Z. Dai,
H. L. Dai,
Z. G. Dai,
Danzengluobu,
Y. X. Diao,
X. Q. Dong,
K. K. Duan,
J. H. Fan,
Y. Z. Fan,
J. Fang,
J. H. Fang,
K. Fang,
C. F. Feng,
H. Feng,
L. Feng,
S. H. Feng,
X. T. Feng,
Y. Feng,
Y. L. Feng,
S. Gabici,
B. Gao,
C. D. Gao,
Q. Gao,
W. Gao,
W. K. Gao,
M. M. Ge,
T. T. Ge,
L. S. Geng,
G. Giacinti,
G. H. Gong,
Q. B. Gou,
M. H. Gu,
F. L. Guo,
J. Guo,
X. L. Guo,
Y. Q. Guo,
Y. Y. Guo,
Y. A. Han,
O. A. Hannuksela,
M. Hasan,
H. H. He,
H. N. He,
J. Y. He,
X. Y. He,
Y. He,
S. Hernández-Cadena,
Y. K. Hor,
B. W. Hou,
C. Hou,
X. Hou,
H. B. Hu,
S. C. Hu,
C. Huang,
D. H. Huang,
J. J. Huang,
T. Q. Huang,
W. J. Huang,
X. T. Huang,
X. Y. Huang,
Y. Huang,
Y. Y. Huang,
X. L. Ji,
H. Y. Jia,
K. Jia,
H. B. Jiang,
K. Jiang,
X. W. Jiang,
Z. J. Jiang,
M. Jin,
S. Kaci,
M. M. Kang,
I. Karpikov,
D. Khangulyan,
D. Kuleshov,
K. Kurinov,
B. B. Li,
Cheng Li,
Cong Li,
D. Li,
F. Li,
H. B. Li,
H. C. Li,
Jian Li,
Jie Li,
K. Li,
L. Li,
R. L. Li,
S. D. Li,
T. Y. Li,
W. L. Li,
X. R. Li,
Xin Li,
Y. Z. Li,
Zhe Li,
Zhuo Li,
E. W. Liang,
Y. F. Liang,
S. J. Lin,
B. Liu,
C. Liu,
D. Liu,
D. B. Liu,
H. Liu,
H. D. Liu,
J. Liu,
J. L. Liu,
J. R. Liu,
M. Y. Liu,
R. Y. Liu,
S. M. Liu,
W. Liu,
X. Liu,
Y. Liu,
Y. Liu,
Y. N. Liu,
Y. Q. Lou,
Q. Luo,
Y. Luo,
H. K. Lv,
B. Q. Ma,
L. L. Ma,
X. H. Ma,
J. R. Mao,
Z. Min,
W. Mitthumsiri,
G. B. Mou,
H. J. Mu,
Y. C. Nan,
A. Neronov,
K. C. Y. Ng,
M. Y. Ni,
L. Nie,
L. J. Ou,
P. Pattarakijwanich,
Z. Y. Pei,
J. C. Qi,
M. Y. Qi,
J. J. Qin,
A. Raza,
C. Y. Ren,
D. Ruffolo,
A. Sáiz,
M. Saeed,
D. Semikoz,
L. Shao,
O. Shchegolev,
Y. Z. Shen,
X. D. Sheng,
Z. D. Shi,
F. W. Shu,
H. C. Song,
Yu. V. Stenkin,
V. Stepanov,
Y. Su,
D. X. Sun,
H. Sun,
Q. N. Sun,
X. N. Sun,
Z. B. Sun,
N. H. Tabasam,
J. Takata,
P. H. T. Tam,
H. B. Tan,
Q. W. Tang,
R. Tang,
Z. B. Tang,
W. W. Tian,
C. N. Tong,
L. H. Wan,
C. Wang,
G. W. Wang,
H. G. Wang,
H. H. Wang,
J. C. Wang,
K. Wang,
Kai Wang,
Kai Wang,
L. P. Wang,
L. Y. Wang,
L. Y. Wang,
R. Wang,
W. Wang,
X. G. Wang,
X. J. Wang,
X. Y. Wang,
Y. Wang,
Y. D. Wang,
Z. H. Wang,
Z. X. Wang,
Zheng Wang,
D. M. Wei,
J. J. Wei,
Y. J. Wei,
T. Wen,
S. S. Weng,
C. Y. Wu,
H. R. Wu,
Q. W. Wu,
S. Wu,
X. F. Wu,
Y. S. Wu,
S. Q. Xi,
J. Xia,
J. J. Xia,
G. M. Xiang,
D. X. Xiao,
G. Xiao,
Y. L. Xin,
Y. Xing,
D. R. Xiong,
Z. Xiong,
D. L. Xu,
R. F. Xu,
R. X. Xu,
W. L. Xu,
L. Xue,
D. H. Yan,
J. Z. Yan,
T. Yan,
C. W. Yang,
C. Y. Yang,
F. F. Yang,
L. L. Yang,
M. J. Yang,
R. Z. Yang,
W. X. Yang,
Y. H. Yao,
Z. G. Yao,
X. A. Ye,
L. Q. Yin,
N. Yin,
X. H. You,
Z. Y. You,
Y. H. Yu,
Q. Yuan,
H. Yue,
H. D. Zeng,
T. X. Zeng,
W. Zeng,
M. Zha,
B. B. Zhang,
B. T. Zhang,
F. Zhang,
H. Zhang,
H. M. Zhang,
H. Y. Zhang,
J. L. Zhang,
Li Zhang,
P. F. Zhang,
P. P. Zhang,
R. Zhang,
S. R. Zhang,
S. S. Zhang,
W. Y. Zhang,
X. Zhang,
X. P. Zhang,
Yi Zhang,
Yong Zhang,
Z. P. Zhang,
J. Zhao,
L. Zhao,
L. Z. Zhao,
S. P. Zhao,
X. H. Zhao,
Z. H. Zhao,
F. Zheng,
W. J. Zhong,
B. Zhou,
H. Zhou,
J. N. Zhou,
M. Zhou,
P. Zhou,
R. Zhou,
X. X. Zhou,
X. X. Zhou,
B. Y. Zhu,
C. G. Zhu,
F. R. Zhu,
H. Zhu,
K. J. Zhu,
Y. C. Zou,
X. Zuo

Affiliations

Zhen Cao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
F. Aharonian: TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Yerevan State University , 1 Alek Manukyan Street, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics , P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
Y. X. Bai: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. W. Bao: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
D. Bastieri: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
X. J. Bi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. J. Bi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
W. Bian: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
A. V. Bukevich: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
C. M. Cai: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
W. Y. Cao: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Zhe Cao: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
J. Chang: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
J. F. Chang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
A. M. Chen: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
E. S. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. X. Chen: Research Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Liang Chen: Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Long Chen: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
M. J. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
M. L. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
Q. H. Chen: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
S. Chen: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
S. H. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
S. Z. Chen: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
T. L. Chen: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
X. B. Chen: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
X. J. Chen: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. Chen: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
N. Cheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. D. Cheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
M. C. Chu: Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
M. Y. Cui: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
S. W. Cui: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
X. H. Cui: Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Y. D. Cui: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
B. Z. Dai: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
H. L. Dai: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
Z. G. Dai: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Danzengluobu: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
Y. X. Diao: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. Q. Dong: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
K. K. Duan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
J. H. Fan: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
Y. Z. Fan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
J. Fang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
J. H. Fang: Research Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
K. Fang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
C. F. Feng: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
H. Feng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
L. Feng: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
S. H. Feng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. T. Feng: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Y. Feng: Research Center for Astronomical Computing , Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
Y. L. Feng: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
S. Gabici: APC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
B. Gao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
C. D. Gao: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Q. Gao: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
W. Gao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
W. K. Gao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
M. M. Ge: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
T. T. Ge: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
L. S. Geng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
G. Giacinti: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
G. H. Gong: Department of Engineering Physics & Department of Physics & Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Q. B. Gou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
M. H. Gu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
F. L. Guo: Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
J. Guo: Department of Engineering Physics & Department of Physics & Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
X. L. Guo: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. Q. Guo: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. Y. Guo: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Y. A. Han: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
O. A. Hannuksela: Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
M. Hasan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. H. He: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. N. He: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
J. Y. He: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
X. Y. He: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Y. He: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
S. Hernández-Cadena: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Y. K. Hor: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
B. W. Hou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
C. Hou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. Hou: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
H. B. Hu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
S. C. Hu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; China Center of Advanced Science and Technology , Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
C. Huang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
D. H. Huang: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
J. J. Huang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
T. Q. Huang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
W. J. Huang: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
X. T. Huang: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
X. Y. Huang: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Y. Huang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; China Center of Advanced Science and Technology , Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
Y. Y. Huang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
X. L. Ji: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
H. Y. Jia: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
K. Jia: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
H. B. Jiang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
K. Jiang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
X. W. Jiang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Z. J. Jiang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
M. Jin: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
S. Kaci: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
M. M. Kang: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
I. Karpikov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
D. Khangulyan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
D. Kuleshov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
K. Kurinov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
B. B. Li: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
Cheng Li: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
Cong Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
D. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
F. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
H. B. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. C. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Jian Li: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Jie Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
K. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
L. Li: Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
R. L. Li: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
S. D. Li: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
T. Y. Li: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
W. L. Li: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
X. R. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Xin Li: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
Y. Z. Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Zhe Li: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Zhuo Li: School of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
E. W. Liang: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
Y. F. Liang: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
S. J. Lin: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
B. Liu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
C. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
D. Liu: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
D. B. Liu: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
H. Liu: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. D. Liu: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
J. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
J. L. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
J. R. Liu: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
M. Y. Liu: Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) , Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
R. Y. Liu: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
S. M. Liu: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
W. Liu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. Liu: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. Liu: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
Y. Liu: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. N. Liu: Department of Engineering Physics & Department of Physics & Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Y. Q. Lou: Department of Engineering Physics & Department of Physics & Department of Astronomy , Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Q. Luo: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
Y. Luo: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
H. K. Lv: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
B. Q. Ma: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China; School of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
L. L. Ma: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. H. Ma: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
J. R. Mao: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
Z. Min: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
W. Mitthumsiri: Department of Physics , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
G. B. Mou: School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
H. J. Mu: School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
Y. C. Nan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
A. Neronov: APC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
K. C. Y. Ng: Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
M. Y. Ni: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
L. Nie: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
L. J. Ou: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
P. Pattarakijwanich: Department of Physics , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Z. Y. Pei: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
J. C. Qi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
M. Y. Qi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
J. J. Qin: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
A. Raza: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
C. Y. Ren: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
D. Ruffolo: Department of Physics , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
A. Sáiz: Department of Physics , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
M. Saeed: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
D. Semikoz: APC, Université Paris Cité , CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
L. Shao: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
O. Shchegolev: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , 141700 Moscow, Russia
Y. Z. Shen: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
X. D. Sheng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Z. D. Shi: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
F. W. Shu: Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
H. C. Song: School of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Yu. V. Stenkin: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , 141700 Moscow, Russia
V. Stepanov: Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences , 117312 Moscow, Russia
Y. Su: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
D. X. Sun: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
H. Sun: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
Q. N. Sun: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. N. Sun: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
Z. B. Sun: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
N. H. Tabasam: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
J. Takata: School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
P. H. T. Tam: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
H. B. Tan: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Q. W. Tang: Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
R. Tang: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Z. B. Tang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
W. W. Tian: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
C. N. Tong: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
L. H. Wan: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
C. Wang: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
G. W. Wang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
H. G. Wang: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
H. H. Wang: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
J. C. Wang: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
K. Wang: School of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Kai Wang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Kai Wang: School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
L. P. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
L. Y. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
L. Y. Wang: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
R. Wang: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
W. Wang: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
X. G. Wang: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
X. J. Wang: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. Y. Wang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Y. Wang: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. D. Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Z. H. Wang: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Z. X. Wang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
Zheng Wang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
D. M. Wei: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
J. J. Wei: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Y. J. Wei: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
T. Wen: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
S. S. Weng: School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
C. Y. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. R. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Q. W. Wu: School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
S. Wu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. F. Wu: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Y. S. Wu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
S. Q. Xi: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
J. Xia: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
J. J. Xia: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
G. M. Xiang: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
D. X. Xiao: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
G. Xiao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. L. Xin: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. Xing: Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
D. R. Xiong: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
Z. Xiong: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
D. L. Xu: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
R. F. Xu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
R. X. Xu: School of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , 100871 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
W. L. Xu: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
L. Xue: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
D. H. Yan: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
J. Z. Yan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
T. Yan: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
C. W. Yang: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
C. Y. Yang: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
F. F. Yang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
L. L. Yang: School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University , 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
M. J. Yang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
R. Z. Yang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
W. X. Yang: Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University , 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
Y. H. Yao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Z. G. Yao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. A. Ye: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
L. Q. Yin: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
N. Yin: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
X. H. You: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Z. Y. You: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Y. H. Yu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Q. Yuan: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
H. Yue: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. D. Zeng: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
T. X. Zeng: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
W. Zeng: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
M. Zha: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
B. B. Zhang: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
B. T. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
F. Zhang: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. Zhang: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
H. M. Zhang: Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
H. Y. Zhang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
J. L. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Li Zhang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
P. F. Zhang: School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University , 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
P. P. Zhang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
R. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
S. R. Zhang: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
S. S. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
W. Y. Zhang: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
X. Zhang: School of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
X. P. Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Yi Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
Yong Zhang: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
Z. P. Zhang: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
J. Zhao: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
L. Zhao: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
L. Z. Zhao: Hebei Normal University , 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
S. P. Zhao: Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
X. H. Zhao: Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
Z. H. Zhao: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
F. Zheng: National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100190 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
W. J. Zhong: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
B. Zhou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. Zhou: Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 200240 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
J. N. Zhou: Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 200030 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
M. Zhou: Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science & Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
P. Zhou: School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
R. Zhou: College of Physics, Sichuan University , 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. X. Zhou: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
X. X. Zhou: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
B. Y. Zhu: University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China ; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
C. G. Zhu: Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University , 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
F. R. Zhu: School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University , 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
H. Zhu: Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100101 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
K. J. Zhu: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics , People’s Republic of China
Y. C. Zou: School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
X. Zuo: Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People’s Republic of China; TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center , Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adb97d
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 982, no. 1
p. L19

Abstract

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Galaxy clusters act as reservoirs of high-energy cosmic rays (CRs). As CRs propagate through the intracluster medium, they generate diffuse γ -rays detectable by arrays such as LHAASO. These γ -rays result from proton–proton (pp) collisions of very high-energy cosmic rays or inverse Compton (IC) scattering of positron-electron pairs created by pγ interactions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We analyzed diffuse γ -ray emission from the Coma, Perseus, and Virgo clusters using LHAASO data. Diffuse emission was modeled as a disk of radius R _500 for each cluster while accounting for point sources. No significant diffuse emission was detected, yielding 95% confidence level (C.L.) upper limits on the γ -ray flux: for WCDA (1–25 TeV) and KM2A (>25 TeV), less than (49.4, 13.7, 54.0) and (1.34, 1.14, 0.40) × 10 ^−14 ph cm ^−2 s ^−1 for Coma, Perseus, and Virgo, respectively. The γ -ray upper limits can be used to derive model-independent constraints on the integral energy of cosmic ray protons above 10 TeV (corresponding to the LHAASO observational range >1 TeV under the pp scenario) to be less than (1.96, 0.59, 0.08) × 10 ^61 erg. The absence of detectable annuli/ring-like structures, indicative of cluster accretion or merging shocks, imposes further constraints on models in which the UHECRs are accelerated in the merging shocks of galaxy clusters.

Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

ISSN: 2041-8205 (Print); 2041-8213 (Online)
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Country of publisher: United Kingdom
LCC subjects: Science: Astronomy: Astrophysics
Website: https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205

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