Associations of renin–angiotensin system inhibitor use with brain insulin signaling and neuropathology

Abstract

Abstract Objective To examine the associations of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor use with postmortem brain insulin signaling and neuropathology. Methods Among Religious Orders Study participants, 150 deceased and autopsied older individuals (75 with diabetes matched to 75 without by age at death, sex, and education) had measurements of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) and RAC‐alpha serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT1) collected in the prefrontal cortex using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain infarcts, and cerebral vessel pathology data were assessed by systematic neuropathologic evaluations. RAS inhibitor use was determined based on visual inspection of medication containers during study visits. The associations of RAS inhibitor use with brain insulin signaling measures and neuropathology were examined using adjusted regression analyses. Results Of the 90 RAS inhibitor users (54 with diabetes), 65 had used only angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, 11 only angiotensin II receptor blockers, and 14 used both. RAS inhibitor use was associated with lower pT308AKT1/total AKT1, but not with pS307IRS‐1/total IRS‐1 or the density of cells stained positive for pS616 IRS‐1. RAS inhibitor use was not associated with the level of global AD pathology or amyloid beta burden, but it was associated with a lower tau‐neurofibrillary tangle density. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between diabetes and RAS inhibitors on tangle density. Furthermore, AKT1 phosphorylation partially mediated the association of RAS inhibitor use with tau tangle density. Lastly, RAS inhibitor use was associated with more atherosclerosis, but not with other cerebral blood vessel pathologies or cerebral infarcts. Interpretation Late‐life RAS inhibitor use may be associated with lower brain AKT1 phosphorylation and fewer neurofibrillary tangles.