Hydroelectric production in Akosombo, and the development of irrigated agriculture upstream, a fair balance to be found to reconcile regional energy and food security. - Challenges of the Volta Basin Water Charter

Abstract

The Volta River is a West African river that flows from Burkina Faso to Ghana where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It basin extends over six countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali and Togo. These states, members of the Volta Basin Authority, have committed themselves to drawing up a Water Charter. One of the challenges of this international agreement is to agree on a reasonable level of abstraction to reconcile food and energy security for the populations, while guaranteeing the minimum needs of the ecosystems. Supported by an appropriation of the needs-resources balance through the use of Lego® bricks, their reflection was supported by a hydro-economic analysis. This analysis consisted in comparing the added value associated with an agricultural abstraction - which leads to a definitive consumption of water upstream of the basin, for example in Bagré in Burkina Faso - and the one associated with the same quantity of water if it had been allowed to flow and turbined in one of the hydroelectric facilities located further downstream, for example in the large Akosombo dam in Ghana. The results show that the agricultural valorisation of a continuous abstraction of one m3/s, i.e. 30 Mm3 per year, allows to irrigate 1,500 ha and generates an added value of 1,300 M FCFA per year, i.e. 44 FCFA/m3. This volume of 30 Mm3, taken upstream of the dam would induce a loss of hydroelectric production of 6 GWh/year, worth 297 M FCFA, i.e. 10 FCFA/m3. The economic value of each m3 withdrawn to develop irrigated agriculture upstream of the basin is thus higher than that of each m3 turbined in the Akosombo-Kpong complex. Within the limit of an acceptable reduction of hydropower production, the economic development of the basin as a whole would thus benefit from the development of irrigated agriculture.