Bacterial diversity associated with urinary tract infections in humans

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the concepts of epidemiology, uropathogenic, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) in humans. One of the most frequent infections that affect people is UTIs. During childhood they are equally common in boys and girls, and after that, they are more common in girls. In both of the general population and hospital environment, women frequently experienced at least one UTI in their lifetime. The existence of bacteriuria and pyuria are the 2 most significant signs of UTIs. Frequent urination, pain during urination, and soreness in the side or lower back are among the main symptoms of UTI. These infections are classified into 3 primary types: asymptomatic bacteriuria, lower UTI (cystitis), and febrile upper UTI (acute pyelonephritis), because such classification supports understanding of the infection‟s etiology. UTI can be diagnosed through a combination of positive urine tests and/or culture and symptoms. Dipstick urinalysis is widely used due to its ease of availability and utility; however, the outcomes must be evaluated by considering the patient‟s pretest probability depending on the characteristics and symptoms. Most UTIs can be treated with antibiotics such as Amoxicillin, cephalexin, and doxycycline. But the Gram-positive bacterium (Enterobacter faecalis) exhibited great resistance to erythromycin, while the Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) displayed great resistance to ampicillin. So, there is an urgent need for a combination between organic treatments and antibiotics to treat the complicated UTI. For example, the plant-based treatments, such as cranberry juice, are efficient in treating the UTI and can be used as an alternative to combating the bacteria that cause UTI.

Keywords

• bacteriuria
• pyuria
• escherichia coli
• enterobacter faecalis
• dipstick urinalysis