The Astronomical Journal (Jan 2024)
A Survey of Protoplanetary Disks Using the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph
- Nicole L. Wallack,
- Jean-Baptiste Ruffio,
- Garreth Ruane,
- Bin B. Ren,
- Jerry W. Xuan,
- Marion Villenave,
- Dimitri Mawet,
- Karl Stapelfeldt,
- Jason J. Wang,
- Michael C. Liu,
- Olivier Absil,
- Carlos Alvarez,
- Jaehan Bae,
- Charlotte Bond,
- Michael Bottom,
- Benjamin Calvin,
- Élodie Choquet,
- Valentin Christiaens,
- Therese Cook,
- Bruno Femenía Castellá,
- Carlos Gomez Gonzalez,
- Greta Guidi,
- Elsa Huby,
- Joel Kastner,
- Heather A. Knutson,
- Tiffany Meshkat,
- Henry Ngo,
- Sam Ragland,
- Maddalena Reggiani,
- Luca Ricci,
- Eugene Serabyn,
- Taichi Uyama,
- Jonathan P. Williams,
- Peter Wizinowich,
- Zoe Zawol,
- Shangjia Zhang,
- Zhaohuan Zhu
Affiliations
- Nicole L. Wallack
- ORCiD
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science , Washington, DC 20015, USA ; [email protected]; Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , MC 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Jean-Baptiste Ruffio
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Garreth Ruane
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- Bin B. Ren
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Université Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France; Université Grenoble Alpes , Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique (IPAG), F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Jerry W. Xuan
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Marion Villenave
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA; Università degli Studi di Milano , Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dimitri Mawet
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Karl Stapelfeldt
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- Jason J. Wang
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Michael C. Liu
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Olivier Absil
- ORCiD
- STAR Institute, Université de Liège , 19c Allée du Six Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Carlos Alvarez
- W. M. Keck Observatory , Kamuela, HI, USA
- Jaehan Bae
- ORCiD
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science , Washington, DC 20015, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Charlotte Bond
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) , Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, SN2 1SZ, UK
- Michael Bottom
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Benjamin Calvin
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Élodie Choquet
- ORCiD
- Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
- Valentin Christiaens
- ORCiD
- STAR Institute, Université de Liège , 19c Allée du Six Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Therese Cook
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Bruno Femenía Castellá
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , C/ Vía Láctea s/n, E-38205 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38205 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
- Carlos Gomez Gonzalez
- Centre Nacional de Supercomputació , Plaça d’Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Greta Guidi
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) , 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Elsa Huby
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL , CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
- Joel Kastner
- ORCiD
- Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USA; School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USA; Laboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USA
- Heather A. Knutson
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , MC 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Tiffany Meshkat
- ORCiD
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology , M/C 100-22, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Henry Ngo
- ORCiD
- NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics , 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Sam Ragland
- W. M. Keck Observatory , Kamuela, HI, USA
- Maddalena Reggiani
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy , KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Luca Ricci
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge , 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91130, USA
- Eugene Serabyn
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- Taichi Uyama
- ORCiD
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology , M/C 100-22, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Jonathan P. Williams
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Peter Wizinowich
- ORCiD
- W. M. Keck Observatory , Kamuela, HI, USA
- Zoe Zawol
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Shangjia Zhang
- ORCiD
- Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Zhaohuan Zhu
- ORCiD
- Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad390c
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 168,
no. 2
p. 78
Abstract
Recent Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of protoplanetary disks in the millimeter continuum have shown a variety of radial gaps, cavities, and spiral features. These substructures may be signposts for ongoing planet formation, and therefore these systems are promising targets for direct imaging planet searches in the near-infrared. To this end, we present results from a deep imaging survey in the $L^{\prime} $ band (3.8 μ m) with the Keck/NIRC2 vortex coronagraph to search for young planets in 43 disks with resolved features in the millimeter continuum or evidence for gaps/central cavities from their spectral energy distributions. Although we do not detect any new point sources, using the vortex coronagraph allows for high sensitivity to faint sources at small angular separations (down to ∼0.″1), allowing us to place strong upper limits on the masses of potential gas giant planets. We compare our mass sensitivities to the masses of planets derived using ALMA observations, and while we are sensitive to ∼1 M _Jup planets in the gaps in some of our systems, we are generally not sensitive to planets of the masses expected from the ALMA observations. In addition to placing upper limits on the masses of gas giant planets that could be interacting with the dust in the disks to form the observed millimeter substructures, we are also able to map the micron-sized dust as seen in scattered light for 8 of these systems. Our large sample of systems also allows us to investigate limits on planetary accretion rates and disk viscosities.
Keywords
