Inflammation-induced Gro1 triggers senescence in neuronal progenitors: effects of estradiol

Abstract

Abstract Background Inflammation has been proposed to contribute to the decline in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Proinflammatory cytokines activate transcription of chemokine growth-regulated oncogene α (Gro1) in human and murine hippocampal neuronal progenitor cells (NPC). The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of Gro1 on hippocampal neurogenesis in the presence of inflammation. Methods Human hippocampal NPC were transfected with lentivirus expressing Gro1, and murine NPC and hippocampal neuronal HT-22 cells were treated with Gro1 protein. A plasmid expressing mGro1 was electroporated in the hippocampus of newborn mice that were sacrificed 10 days later. Adult male and female mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/kg, i.p in five daily injections) or normal saline. Adult male mice were implanted with pellets releasing 17-β estradiol (E2; 2.5 mg/pellet, 41.666 μg/day release) or placebo for 6 weeks and challenged with LPS or normal saline as above. In both experiments, mice were sacrificed 3 h after the last injection. Hippocampal markers of neurogenesis were assessed in vitro and in vivo by Western blot, real-time PCR, and immunohisto/cytochemistry. Results Gro1 induced premature senescence in NPC and HT-22 cells, activating senescence-associated β-galactosidase and the cell cycle inhibitor p16 and suppressing neuroblast proliferation and expression of doublecortin (DCX) and neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Tuj-1), both neuroblast markers, while promoting proliferation of neural glial antigen 2 (Ng2)-positive oligodendrocytes. Gro1 overexpression in the hippocampus of newborn mice resulted in decreased neuroblast development, as evidenced by decreased DCX expression and increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor α receptor (PDGFαR), a marker of oligodendrocyte precursors. In adult mice, Gro1 was induced in response to LPS treatment in male but not in female hippocampus, with a subsequent decrease in neurogenesis and activation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. No changes in neurogenesis were observed in females. Treatment with E2 blunted LPS-induced Gro1 in the male hippocampus. Conclusions Inflammation-induced Gro1 triggers neuroblast senescence, thus suppressing new neuron development in the hippocampus. Sex-dependent differences in Gro1 response are attributed to estradiol, which blunts these changes, protecting the female hippocampus from the deleterious effects of inflammation-induced Gro1 on neurogenesis.

Keywords

• Chemokines
• Gro1
• Hippocampus
• Neuronal progenitor cells
• Senescence
• LPS-induced inflammation