Anti-Adherence and Antimicrobial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles against Serotypes <em>C</em> and <em>K</em> of <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> on Orthodontic Appliances
Rosa Amalia Nafarrate-Valdez,
Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez,
Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras,
José Luis Áyala-Herrera,
Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez,
Simón Yobanny Reyes-López,
Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo,
Juan Carlos Cuevas-González,
Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodríguez,
León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal
Affiliations
Rosa Amalia Nafarrate-Valdez
Speciality Program in Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Biomedical Science Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo Avenues, Juarez City 32310, Mexico
Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez
Master Program in Advanced Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Manuel Nava Avenue, Universitary Campus, San Luis Potosí 78290, Mexico
Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C., Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico
José Luis Áyala-Herrera
School of Dentistry, Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Universidad Avenue, Lomas del Campestre, Guanajuato 37150, Mexico
Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez
Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Dental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel Street, Prados de La Capilla, Santiago de Querétaro 76176, Mexico
Simón Yobanny Reyes-López
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico
Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo
Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico
Juan Carlos Cuevas-González
Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico
Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodríguez
Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Ciudad Universitaria, Universitaria, Culiacán 80013, Mexico
León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal
Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico
Background and Objectives: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main microorganism associated with the presence of dental caries and specific serotypes of this bacteria have been related to several systemic diseases limiting general health. In orthodontics, white spot lesions (WSL), represent a great challenge for clinicians due to the great fluctuation of their prevalence and incidence during conventional orthodontic treatments. Although silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been demonstrated to have great antimicrobial properties in several microorganisms, including S. mutans bacteria, there is no available information about anti adherence and antimicrobial properties of AgNP exposed to two of the most relevant serotypes of S. mutans adhered on orthodontic materials used for conventional therapeutics. The objective of this study was to determine anti-adherence and antimicrobial levels of AgNP against serotypes c and k of S. mutans on conventional orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: An AgNP solution was prepared and characterized using dispersion light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antimicrobial and anti-adherence activities of AgNP were determined using minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and bacterial adherence testing against serotypes c and k of S. mutans clinically isolated and confirmed by PCR assay. Results: The prepared AgNP had spherical shapes with a good size distribution (29.3 ± 0.7 nm) with negative and well-defined electrical charges (−36.5 ± 5.7 mV). AgNP had good bacterial growth (55.7 ± 19.3 µg/mL for serotype c, and 111.4 ± 38.6 µg/mL for serotype k) and adherence inhibitions for all bacterial strains and orthodontic wires (p k showed statistically the highest microbial adherence (p 4) than CuNiTi (3.3 ± 6.0 UFC/mL × 104) and NiTi (101.1 ± 108.5 UFC/mL × 104) arches. SEM analysis suggests CuNiTi wires demonstrated better topographical conditions for bacterial adherence while AFM evaluation determined cell wall irregularities in bacterial cells exposed to AgNP. Conclusions: This study suggests the widespread use of AgNP as a potential anti-adherent and antimicrobial agent for the prevention of WSL during conventional orthodontic therapies and, collaterally, other systemic diseases.
