Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Its Modified Form from Durian Rind as Dexamethasone Carrier
Jindrayani Nyoo Putro,
Felycia Edi Soetaredjo,
Wenny Irawaty,
Sandy Budi Hartono,
Shella Permatasari Santoso,
Jenni Lie,
Maria Yuliana,
Widyarani,
Hardy Shuwanto,
Christian Julius Wijaya,
Chintya Gunarto,
Nathania Puspitasari,
Suryadi Ismadji
Affiliations
Jindrayani Nyoo Putro
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Felycia Edi Soetaredjo
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Wenny Irawaty
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Sandy Budi Hartono
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Shella Permatasari Santoso
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Jenni Lie
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Maria Yuliana
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Widyarani
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Samaun Samadikun Science and Technology Center, Sangkuriang, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Hardy Shuwanto
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan 20117, Indonesia
Christian Julius Wijaya
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Chintya Gunarto
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Nathania Puspitasari
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
Suryadi Ismadji
Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia
In this study, CNCs were extracted from durian rind. Modification to CNCs with saponin was conducted at 50 °C for one h. CNCs and CNCs-saponin were employed as dexamethasone carriers. Modification to CNCs using saponin did not change the relative crystallinity of CNCs. CNCs’ molecular structure and surface chemistry did not alter significantly after modification. Both nanoparticles have surface charges independently of pH. Dexamethasone-released kinetics were studied at two different pH (7.4 and 5.8). Higuchi, Ritger–Peppas, first-order kinetic and sigmoidal equations were used to represent the released kinetic data. The sigmoidal equation was found to be superior to other models. The CNCs and CNCs-saponin showed burst release at 30 min. The study indicated that cell viability decreased by 30% after modification with saponin.