TMS-EEG and resting-state EEG applied to altered states of consciousness: oscillations, complexity, and phenomenology
Andres Ort,
John W. Smallridge,
Simone Sarasso,
Silvia Casarotto,
Robin von Rotz,
Andrea Casanova,
Erich Seifritz,
Katrin H. Preller,
Giulio Tononi,
Franz X. Vollenweider
Affiliations
Andres Ort
Neurophenomenology of Consciousness Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Corresponding author
John W. Smallridge
Neurophenomenology of Consciousness Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Corresponding author
Simone Sarasso
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Silvia Casarotto
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Milano, Milan, Italy
Robin von Rotz
Neurophenomenology of Consciousness Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Andrea Casanova
Neurophenomenology of Consciousness Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Erich Seifritz
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Katrin H. Preller
Neurophenomenology of Consciousness Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Giulio Tononi
Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Franz X. Vollenweider
Neurophenomenology of Consciousness Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Summary: Exploring the neurobiology of the profound changes in consciousness induced by classical psychedelic drugs may require novel neuroimaging methods. Serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin produce states of increased sensory-emotional awareness and arousal, accompanied by increased spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) signal diversity. By directly stimulating cortical tissue, the altered dynamics and propagation of the evoked EEG activity can reveal drug-induced changes in the overall brain state. We combine Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and EEG to reveal that psilocybin produces a state of increased chaotic brain activity which is not a result of altered complexity in the underlying causal interactions between brain regions. We also map the regional effects of psilocybin on TMS-evoked activity and identify changes in frontal brain structures that may be associated with the phenomenology of psychedelic experiences.
