Assessing the impacts of vehicle wash wastewater on surface water quality through physico-chemical and benthic macroinvertebrates analyses

Abstract

Vehicle wash wastewater (VWW) contains a wide range of contaminants and discharge of such contaminated wastewater into the surface water bodies degrade water quality and affect aquatic ecosystems. This study, presents an impacts of discharging VWW into the stream Olarong Chhu in Thimphu and river Paa Chhu in Paro using water chemistry and benthic macroinvertebrates data sets obtained over a period of 6 months. Water samples and benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled once in a month from upstream, impact, and downstream sites in premonsoon (March to May) and post-monsoon (September to November) seasons in 2016. Significant levels of contaminants associated with vehicle washing were detected in water samples of impact sites whose cumulative effects on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were supported by HKHbios index, biological indices, and statistical analyzes. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that T, dissolved oxygen, pH, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, turbidity, oil and grease, and sulfate significantly alter water quality and affect benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. With the increasing number of vehicles, management of VWW is becoming a serious issue in Bhutan. Hence, there should be proper enforcement of water and environmental legislations and effective measures like constructions of wastewater treatment facilities should be considered for protecting Bhutan’s surface water resources and aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords

• Bhutan
• vehicle washing
• vehicle wash wastewater
• water chemistry
• benthic macroinvertebrate