The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
Final Moments. II. Observational Properties and Physical Modeling of Circumstellar-material-interacting Type II Supernovae
- W. V. Jacobson-Galán,
- L. Dessart,
- K. W. Davis,
- C. D. Kilpatrick,
- R. Margutti,
- R. J. Foley,
- R. Chornock,
- G. Terreran,
- D. Hiramatsu,
- M. Newsome,
- E. Padilla Gonzalez,
- C. Pellegrino,
- D. A. Howell,
- A. V. Filippenko,
- J. P. Anderson,
- C. R. Angus,
- K. Auchettl,
- K. A. Bostroem,
- T. G. Brink,
- R. Cartier,
- D. A. Coulter,
- T. de Boer,
- M. R. Drout,
- N. Earl,
- K. Ertini,
- J. R. Farah,
- D. Farias,
- C. Gall,
- H. Gao,
- M. A. Gerlach,
- F. Guo,
- A. Haynie,
- G. Hosseinzadeh,
- A. L. Ibik,
- S. W. Jha,
- D. O. Jones,
- D. Langeroodi,
- N LeBaron,
- E. A. Magnier,
- A. L. Piro,
- S. I. Raimundo,
- A. Rest,
- S. Rest,
- R. Michael Rich,
- C. Rojas-Bravo,
- H. Sears,
- K. Taggart,
- V. A. Villar,
- R. J. Wainscoat,
- X-F. Wang,
- A. R. Wasserman,
- S. Yan,
- Y. Yang,
- J. Zhang,
- W. Zheng
Affiliations
- W. V. Jacobson-Galán
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected]
- L. Dessart
- ORCiD
- Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS-Sorbonne Université , 98 bis boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris, France
- K. W. Davis
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- C. D. Kilpatrick
- ORCiD
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60202, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- R. Margutti
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA
- R. J. Foley
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- R. Chornock
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected]
- G. Terreran
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
- D. Hiramatsu
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions , USA
- M. Newsome
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93111, USA
- E. Padilla Gonzalez
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93111, USA
- C. Pellegrino
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- D. A. Howell
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93111, USA
- A. V. Filippenko
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected]
- J. P. Anderson
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory , Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics MAS , Nuncio Monsenor Sotero Sanz 100, Off. 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- C. R. Angus
- ORCiD
- DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- K. Auchettl
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; School of Physics, The University of Melbourne , VIC 3010, Australia
- K. A. Bostroem
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- T. G. Brink
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected]
- R. Cartier
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory, NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
- D. A. Coulter
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- T. de Boer
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- M. R. Drout
- ORCiD
- David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H4, Canada
- N. Earl
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- K. Ertini
- ORCiD
- Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Astrofisica de La Plata (IALP), CCT-CONICET-UNLP , Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina
- J. R. Farah
- ORCiD
- Las Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93111, USA
- D. Farias
- ORCiD
- DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- C. Gall
- ORCiD
- DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- H. Gao
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- M. A. Gerlach
- Department of Astrophysics, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
- F. Guo
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Shuangqing Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- A. Haynie
- ORCiD
- The Observatories of the Carnegie Institute for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- G. Hosseinzadeh
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
- A. L. Ibik
- ORCiD
- David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H4, Canada
- S. W. Jha
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- D. O. Jones
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i , 640 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- D. Langeroodi
- ORCiD
- DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- N LeBaron
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected]
- E. A. Magnier
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- A. L. Piro
- ORCiD
- The Observatories of the Carnegie Institute for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
- S. I. Raimundo
- ORCiD
- DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- A. Rest
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- S. Rest
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- R. Michael Rich
- ORCiD
- Department Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA
- C. Rojas-Bravo
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- H. Sears
- ORCiD
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60202, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- K. Taggart
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- V. A. Villar
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA
- R. J. Wainscoat
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- X-F. Wang
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Shuangqing Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- A. R. Wasserman
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, IL 61801, USA; Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- S. Yan
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Shuangqing Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Y. Yang
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected]
- J. Zhang
- ORCiD
- Yunnan Observatories (YNAO), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650216, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects , CAS, Kunming, 650216, People's Republic of China
- W. Zheng
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA ; [email protected]
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4a2a
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 970,
no. 2
p. 189
Abstract
We present ultraviolet/optical/near-infrared observations and modeling of Type II supernovae (SNe II) whose early time ( δ t < 2 days) spectra show transient, narrow emission lines from shock ionization of confined ( r < 10 ^15 cm) circumstellar material (CSM). The observed electron-scattering broadened line profiles (i.e., IIn-like) of H i , He i/ii , C iv , and N iii/iv/v from the CSM persist on a characteristic timescale ( t _IIn ) that marks a transition to a lower-density CSM and the emergence of Doppler-broadened features from the fast-moving SN ejecta. Our sample, the largest to date, consists of 39 SNe with early time IIn-like features in addition to 35 “comparison” SNe with no evidence of early time IIn-like features, all with ultraviolet observations. The total sample includes 50 unpublished objects with a total of 474 previously unpublished spectra and 50 multiband light curves, collected primarily through the Young Supernova Experiment and Global Supernova Project collaborations. For all sample objects, we find a significant correlation between peak ultraviolet brightness and both t _IIn and the rise time, as well as evidence for enhanced peak luminosities in SNe II with IIn-like features. We quantify mass-loss rates and CSM density for the sample through the matching of peak multiband absolute magnitudes, rise times, t _IIn , and optical SN spectra with a grid of radiation hydrodynamics and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative-transfer simulations. For our grid of models, all with the same underlying explosion, there is a trend between the duration of the electron-scattering broadened line profiles and inferred mass-loss rate: ${t}_{\mathrm{IIn}}\approx 3.8[\dot{M}/$ (0.01 M _⊙ yr ^−1 )] days.
Keywords
