Quantitative Determination of Cholesterol Hydroxylase Specificities by GC–MS/MS in Living Mammalian Cells

Abstract

Cholesterol is oxygenated by a variety of cholesterol hydroxylases; oxysterols play diverse important roles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions by regulating several transcription factors and cell-surface receptors. Each oxysterol has distinct and overlapping functions. The expression of cholesterol hydroxylases is highly regulated, but their physiological and pathophysiological roles are not fully understood. Although the activity of cholesterol hydroxylases has been characterized biochemically using radiolabeled cholesterol as the substrate, their specificities remain to be comprehensively determined quantitatively. To better understand their roles, a highly sensitive method to measure the amount of various oxysterols synthesized by cholesterol hydroxylases in living mammalian cells is required. Our method described here, with gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS), can quantitatively determine a series of oxysterols endogenously synthesized by forced expression of one of the four major cholesterol hydroxylases—CH25H, CYP7A1, CYP27A1, and CYP46A1—or induction of CH25H expression by a physiological stimulus. This protocol can also simultaneously measure the amount of intermediate sterols, which serve as markers for cellular cholesterol synthesis activity.Key features• Allows measuring the amount of a variety of oxysterols synthesized endogenously by cholesterol hydroxylases using GC–MS/MS.• Comprehensive and quantitative analysis of cholesterol hydroxylase specificities in living mammalian cells.• Simultaneous quantification of intermediate sterols to assess cholesterol synthesis activity.Graphical overview