Prevalence and distribution of dry eye disease among patients with type 2 diabetes in Kosovo

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and selected correlates of dry eye disease (DED) among patients with type 2 diabetes in Kosovo. A case-series study was conducted in Kosovo from July 2023 to July 2024, including a consecutive sample of 400 patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥18 years seeking healthcare services at the Eye Clinic of the Clinical University Center of Kosovo in Prishtina (51% females; overall mean age: 62.4±9.7 years; response rate: 80%). Data collection consisted of a detailed clinical examination and a structured questionnaire. Almost 70% of the patients had DED (standalone or combined with retinopathy, which, in turn, had a separate prevalence of 3%). Significant positive correlates of autonomous and/or combined DED and retinopathy included older age, unhealthy dietary patterns, sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure, and treatment of diabetes with insulin and pills. Our findings indicate a high prevalence of DED among type 2 diabetes patients in Kosovo. DED and retinopathy were strongly associated with a range of demographic factors, behavioral characteristics, and preexisting conditions pertinent to type 2 diabetes patients in this population.

Keywords

• Dry eye disease
• Kosovo
• ophthalmology
• retinopathy