Evaluation of Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregation Inhibition and Disaggregation Activity of A-Type Procyanidins

Abstract

The number of people worldwide suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is on the rise. Amyloid polypeptides are thought to be associated with the onset of both diseases. Amyloid-β (Aβ) that aggregates in the brain and human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) that aggregates in the pancreas are considered cytotoxic and the cause of the development of AD and T2D, respectively. Thus, inhibiting amyloid polypeptide aggregation and disaggregation existing amyloid aggregates are promising approaches in the therapy and prevention against both diseases. Therefore, in this research, we evaluated the Aβ/hIAPP anti-aggregation and disaggregation activities of A-type procyanidins 1–7 and their substructures 8 and 9, by conducting structure–activity relationship studies and identified the active site. The thioflavin-T (Th-T) assay, which quantifies the degree of aggregation of amyloid polypeptides based on fluorescence intensity, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), employed to directly observe amyloid polypeptides, were used to evaluate the activity. The results showed that catechol-containing compounds 1–6 exhibited Aβ/hIAPP anti-aggregation and disaggregation activities, while compound 7, without catechol, showed no activity. This suggests that the presence of catechol is important for both activities. Daily intake of foods containing A-type procyanidins may be effective in the prevention and treatment of both diseases.

Keywords

• Alzheimer’s disease
• amyloid β
• A-type procyanidin
• catechol
• human islet amyloid polypeptide
• type 2 diabetes