Diagnostic test accuracy of machine learning algorithms for the detection intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

Abstract

Abstract Background This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to objectively evaluate the evidence of machine learning (ML) in the patient diagnosis of Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH) on computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods Until May 2023, systematic searches were conducted in ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, CINAHL, Science Direct, PROSPERO, and EMBASE for studies that evaluated the diagnostic precision of ML model-assisted ICH detection. Patients with and without ICH as the target condition who were receiving CT-Scan were eligible for the research, which used ML algorithms based on radiologists' reports as the gold reference standard. For meta-analysis, pooled sensitivities, specificities, and a summary receiver operating characteristics curve (SROC) were used. Results At last, after screening the title, abstract, and full paper, twenty-six retrospective and three prospective, and two retrospective/prospective studies were included. The overall (Diagnostic Test Accuracy) DTA of retrospective studies with a pooled sensitivity was 0.917 (95% CI 0.88–0.943, I 2 = 99%). The pooled specificity was 0.945 (95% CI 0.918–0.964, I 2 = 100%). The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 219.47 (95% CI 104.78–459.66, I 2 = 100%). These results were significant for the specificity of the different network architecture models (p-value = 0.0289). However, the results for sensitivity (p-value = 0.6417) and DOR (p-value = 0.2187) were not significant. The ResNet algorithm has higher pooled specificity than other algorithms with 0.935 (95% CI 0.854–0.973, I 2 = 93%). Conclusion This meta-analysis on DTA of ML algorithms for detecting ICH by assessing non-contrast CT-Scans shows the ML has an acceptable performance in diagnosing ICH. Using ResNet in ICH detection remains promising prediction was improved via training in an Architecture Learning Network (ALN).

Keywords

• Brain diseases
• Cerebrovascular disorders
• Intracranial hemorrhages
• Artificial intelligence
• Machine learning
• Deep learning