Intranasal Delivery of Cell-Penetrating Therapeutic Peptide Enhances Brain Delivery, Reduces Inflammation, and Improves Neurologic Function in Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), secondary brain damage due to chronic inflammation is the most predominant cause of the delayed onset of mood and memory disorders. Currently no therapeutic approach is available to effectively mitigate secondary brain injury after TBI. One reason is the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which prevents the passage of most therapeutic agents into the brain. Peptides have been among the leading candidates for CNS therapy due to their low immunogenicity and toxicity, bioavailability, and ease of modification. In this study, we demonstrated that non-invasive intranasal (IN) administration of KAFAK, a cell penetrating anti-inflammatory peptide, traversed the BBB in a murine model of diffuse, moderate TBI. Notably, KAFAK treatment reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to secondary injury. Furthermore, behavioral tests showed improved or restored neurological, memory, and locomotor performance after TBI in KAFAK-treated mice. This study demonstrates KAFAK’s ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, to lower proinflammatory cytokines in vivo, and to restore function after a moderate TBI.

Keywords

• traumatic brain injury
• TBI
• secondary injury
• peptide therapeutics
• cell penetrating peptide
• proinflammatory cytokines