Variations in Perioperative Thromboprophylaxis Practices: Do the Guidelines Need a Closer Look?

Abstract

Background: In 2022, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) published joint guidelines regarding the timing, duration, and choice of agent for perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for thoracic cancer patients. Now, 1 year after their release, we looked to assess practices and general adherence to these recommendations. Methods: We conducted a survey among board-certified/board-eligible thoracic surgeons in the United States, between July and October 2023. Results: A total of 103 board-certified thoracic surgeons responded to the survey. Over half of the surgeons reported using preoperative chemical thromboprophylaxis routinely for lobectomy/sublobar resections (56.3%), pneumonectomy/extended lung resections (64.1%), and esophagectomy (67%). Over two thirds of thoracic surgeons limited the duration of postoperative chemical thromboprophylaxis to the patient’s length of hospital stay and never administered chemoprophylaxis post-discharge. Among surgeons who always continued chemical thromboprophylaxis post-discharge, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was the most commonly used agent (>70%), followed by direct oral anticoagulants (13.8%-16.7%). Only 33.3% of surgeons prescribing post-discharge chemical thromboprophylaxis after lobectomy/sublobar resections continued prophylaxis up to 4 weeks postoperatively. Conclusions: Contrary to the 2022 joint AATS/ESTS guidelines, the majority of surveyed thoracic surgeons in the United States do not routinely prescribe postoperative thromboprophylaxis after lung and esophageal cancer resections. The dogma of routine extended thromboprophylaxis must be reevaluated as modern minimally invasive thoracic surgery allows for very earlier ambulation and enhanced recovery. There is a need for randomized controlled trials exploring the utility of extended thromboprophylaxis and newer agents such as direct oral anticoagulants.