Antimicrobial multi-resistance Staphylococci and gene transferring in bacteria

Abstract

The extensive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents (Antibiotics and biocides) in hospitals and environments lead to emergence of new antimicrobial resistance. Selective pressure has an important role in the evolution and acquisition of resistance. The resistant determinants are transferred by various genetic exchange mechanisms, including transduction, transformation, conjugation and phage-mediated conjugation between clinical isolates (Bacilli, Staphylococci, etc) and other sources such as soil, plants and humans. In bacteria, the multi-resistance occurs in one strain and then is transferred to others. It was suggested that the origin of some resistance determinants is older than their clinical introduction. The exchange mechanisms have an important role in the survivals of bacterial spp. The various exchanges and factors played an important individual or combined role between staphylococci and other clinical isolates in the evolution and spread of novel antimicrobial resistance that originated from sources such as soil, plants, animals and humans. The genetic exchange mechanisms, the effective factors, the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance and cause of antimicrobial resistance appearance will be discussed.

Keywords

• staphylococci
• multi-resistance
• gene transfer