Dose Response Effect of Photobiomodulation on Hemodynamic Responses and Glucose Levels in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial
Stephanie N. Linares,
Thomas Beltrame,
Gabriela A. M. Galdino,
Maria Cecília M. Frade,
Juliana C. Milan-Mattos,
Mariana O. Gois,
Audrey Borghi-Silva,
Priscila F. de Biase,
Fúlvia B. Manchado-Gobatto,
Vanderlei S. Bagnato,
Nivaldo A. Parizotto,
Cleber Ferraresi,
Aparecida M. Catai
Affiliations
Stephanie N. Linares
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
Thomas Beltrame
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
Gabriela A. M. Galdino
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
Maria Cecília M. Frade
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
Juliana C. Milan-Mattos
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
Mariana O. Gois
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
Audrey Borghi-Silva
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
Priscila F. de Biase
School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil
Fúlvia B. Manchado-Gobatto
School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil
Vanderlei S. Bagnato
Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo—USP, São Carlos 05508-060, SP, Brazil
Nivaldo A. Parizotto
Department of Physical Therapy, University of Paraíba—UFPB, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
Cleber Ferraresi
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
Aparecida M. Catai
Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos—UFSCar, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
This study verifies the acute dose response effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) by light emitting diodes (LEDs) on hemodynamic and metabolic responses in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirteen participants with T2DM (age 52 ± 7 years) received PBM by a light-emitting diode array (50 GaAIAs LEDs, 850 ± 20 nm, 75 mW per diode) on the rectus and oblique abdomen, quadriceps femoris, triceps surae, and hamstring muscle areas, bilaterally, using different energy treatments (sham, 75, 150, 300, 450, and 600 Joules) in random order with a washout of at least 15 days apart. The PBM by LEDs statistically decreased plasma glucose levels (primary outcome) in 15 min after application of the 75 and 450 J irradiation protocol, reduced blood lactate levels 15 min after application of the 75, 450, and 600 J irradiation protocol, increased cardiac output (Q˙) and cardiac index (CI) in the 1st minute after application of the 75 and 300 J irradiation protocol, and reduced Q˙ and heart rate (HR) in the 15 min after application of the 300 J and 600 J irradiation protocol, respectively. For hemodynamic variables, including Q˙, total peripheral resistance (TPR), and HR, we observed that the ideal therapeutic window ranged between 75 and 300 J, while for metabolic variables, glucose and lactate, the variation was between 450 and 600 J.
