Metabolic and endocrine disorders in obesity in dogs
Abstract
Obesity in dogs is a serious medical problem that significantly affects their health and quality of life. The prevalence of this condition is increasing, with approximately 30 % of dogs visiting veterinary clinics suffering from obesity. This often leads to the development of serious metabolic and hormonal disorders such as osteoarthritis, diabetes, respiratory distress, and an increased risk of surgical complications. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of adipose tissue in metabolism and energy balance, and to determine the role of adipokines in the development of obesity in dogs. The main factors contributing to obesity are genetic predisposition, age, gender, neutering, and endocrine disorders. Certain dog breeds, such as Labradors, Cocker Spaniels, and Beagles, are particularly prone to obesity. Other important factors include insufficient physical activity, improper feeding, and hormonal changes following neutering. Prevention, dietary control, regular physical activity, and early diagnosis are key aspects of preventing obesity and improving the health of dogs. Adipose tissue is a complex organ that performs important metabolic and endocrine functions, including the production of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, which significantly influence energy balance and the metabolism of glucose and lipids. In dogs, obesity is not only the accumulation of fat but also the development of chronic inflammation, disruption of hormone functions, and an increased risk of serious metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, as well as respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Obesity in dogs can have serious consequences for their health and premature mortality, which is why it is important to carry out prevention and early diagnosis of this condition, particularly through controlling nutrition and physical activity, as well as a better understanding of the endocrine and metabolic processes leading to obesity. The development of new methods for the treatment and prevention of obesity is an important part of the “One Health” initiative, which promotes collaboration between veterinarians and medical professionals to improve the health of both animals and humans.
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