TELAAH HADIS TENTANG NASAB ANAK LUAR NIKAH

Abstract

The Indonesian Constitutional Court’ decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 about the legal status of “out-of-wedlock born child” based on argumentum a fortiori or al-mafhūm al-muwāfaqah. According to this principle “if a child whose genealogy is not yet clear could still be ascribed to one who claims him/her through istilhaq”, then why not determine a child’s genealogy whose biological father is known”. The problems, however, arises when a child was born out-of-legal wedlock. Can his/her nasab be ascribed to his/her father? This study examines the Prophetic tradition on this matter using takhrij hadith methods. It shows that ḥadīth “al-walad li al-firāshi wa li al-‘āhir al-ḥajr wahtajibī yā Sawdah” is valid (ṣaḥīḥ). This ḥadīth explains that a child can be ascribed genealogically to one who claim him/her as his child. However, such claim cannot result in maḥram relationship with child’s sister. It seems that the Prophet acknowledges the existence of biological father but his nasab cannot be deduced to his child.Abstrak: Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 mengenai hak anak luar nikah berdasarkan argumentum a fortiori atau al-mafhūm al-muwāfaqah, jika anak yang tidak memiliki nasab yang jelas saja dapat dinasabkan kepada orang yang mengakuinya melalui istilhaq, maka anak yang jelas bapak biologisnya juga dapat dinasabkan kepada bapak. Masalahnya adalah bagaimana nasab anak di luar nikah dalam perspektif hadis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pustaka, dengan menggunakan metode takhrīj hadīth. Hasil penelitian adalah menunjukkan bahwa hadis “al-walad li al-firāshi wa li al-‘āhir al-ḥajr wahtajibī yā Sawdah” berkualitas ṣaḥīḥ. Hadis ini menjelaskan anak dapat dinasabkan kepada orang yang mengakuinya tetapi bukan dalam hubungan maḥram dengan saudara perempuannya. Agaknya Rasulullah saw mengakui adanya bapak biologis tetapi tidak dinasabkan kepadanya.

Keywords

• anak di luar nikah
• nasab
• hadis
• ihtajibi