Nanotheranostics to target antibiotic-resistant bacteria: Strategies and applications
Rahul Bhattacharjee,
Arvind Negi,
Basudha Bhattacharya,
Tanima Dey,
Priya Mitra,
Subham Preetam,
Lamha Kumar,
Sulagna Kar,
Sabya Sachi Das,
Danish Iqbal,
Mehnaz Kamal,
Fayez Alghofaili,
Sumira Malik,
Abhijit Dey,
Saurabh Kumar Jha,
Shreesh Ojha,
Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos,
Kavindra Kumar Kesari,
Niraj Kumar Jha
Affiliations
Rahul Bhattacharjee
KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Arvind Negi
Department of Bioproducts and Bio-systems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland; Corresponding author at: Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET) Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201310, India.
Basudha Bhattacharya
KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Tanima Dey
KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Priya Mitra
KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Subham Preetam
Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika, 59053, Sweden
Lamha Kumar
School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
Sulagna Kar
KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Sabya Sachi Das
School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
Danish Iqbal
Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
Mehnaz Kamal
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Fayez Alghofaili
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
Sumira Malik
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 834001, India
Abhijit Dey
Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
Saurabh Kumar Jha
Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shreesh Ojha
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Kavindra Kumar Kesari
Department of Bioproducts and Bio-systems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland; Corresponding author at: Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET) Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201310, India.
Niraj Kumar Jha
Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India; School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India; Corresponding author at: Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET) Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201310, India.
Various health agencies, such as the European Medical Agency (EMA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and World Health Organization (WHO), timely cited the upsurge of antibiotic resistance as a severe threat to the public health and global economy. Importantly, there is a rise in nosocomial infections among covid-19 patients and in-hospitalized patients with the delineating disorder. Most of nosocomial infections are related to the bacteria residing in biofilm, which are commonly formed on material surfaces. In biofilms, microcolonies of various bacteria live in syntropy; therefore, their infections require a higher antibiotic dosage or cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics, aggravating the severity of antibiotic resistance. Notably, the lack of intrinsic antibacterial properties in commercial-grade materials desires to develop newer functionalized materials to prevent biofilm formation on their surfaces. To devise newer strategies, materials prepared at the nanoscale demonstrated reasonable antibacterial properties or enhanced the activity of antimicrobial agents (that are encapsulated/chemically functionalized onto the material surface). In this manuscript, we compiled such nanosized materials, specifying their role in targeting specific strains of bacteria. We also enlisted the examples of nanomaterials, nanodevice, nanomachines, nano-camouflaging, and nano-antibiotics for bactericidal activity and their possible clinical implications.
