Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions on Respiratory Virus Patterns: Insights from RSV Surveillance in Gwangju, South Korea
Sun-Ju Cho,
Sun-Hee Kim,
Jeongeun Mun,
Ji-eun Yun,
Sujung Park,
Jungwook Park,
Yeong-Un Lee,
Ji-su Park,
Haebi Yun,
Cheong-mi Lee,
Jong-Pil Kim,
Jung-Mi Seo
Affiliations
Sun-Ju Cho
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Sun-Hee Kim
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Jeongeun Mun
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Ji-eun Yun
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Sujung Park
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Jungwook Park
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Yeong-Un Lee
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Ji-su Park
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Haebi Yun
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Cheong-mi Lee
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Jong-Pil Kim
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
Jung-Mi Seo
Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
The social restriction measures implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the pattern of occurrences of respiratory viruses. According to surveillance results in the Gwangju region of South Korea, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) did not occur during the 2020/2021 season. However, there was a delayed resurgence in the 2021/2022 season, peaking until January 2022. To analyze this, a total of 474 RSV positive samples were investigated before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Among them, 73 samples were selected for whole-genome sequencing. The incidence rate of RSV in the 2021/2022 season after COVID-19 was found to be approximately three-fold higher compared to before the pandemic, with a significant increase observed in the age group from under 2 years old to under 5 years old. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that, for RSV-A, whereas four lineages were observed before COVID-19, only the A.D.3.1 lineage was observed during the 2021/2022 season post-pandemic. Additionally, during the 2022/2023 season, the A.D.1, A.D.3, and A.D.3.1 lineages co-circulated. For RSV-B, while the B.D.4.1.1 lineage existed before COVID-19, both the B.D.4.1.1 and B.D.E.1 lineages circulated after the pandemic. Although atypical RSV occurrences were not due to new lineages, there was an increase in the frequency of mutations in the F protein of RSV after COVID-19. These findings highlight the need to continue monitoring changes in RSV occurrence patterns in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic to develop and manage strategies in response.
