The Path of African Millets (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> and <i>Sorghum bicolor</i>) to Iberia
Guillem Pérez-Jordà,
Leonor Peña-Chocarro,
Diego Sabato,
Antonio Peralta Gómez,
Agustí Ribera,
Pablo García Borja,
Joan Negre,
Jose María Martín Civantos
Affiliations
Guillem Pérez-Jordà
Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología i Hª Antiga, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 28, 46010 València, Spain
Leonor Peña-Chocarro
Departamento de Arqueología y Procesos Sociales, Instituto de Historia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Albasanz, 26–28, 28037 Madrid, Spain
Diego Sabato
Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología i Hª Antiga, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez 28, 46010 València, Spain
Antonio Peralta Gómez
Departamento de Arqueología y Procesos Sociales, Instituto de Historia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Albasanz, 26–28, 28037 Madrid, Spain
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely cultivated millet in Africa and India but has not yet been identified in Europe, while the earliest remains of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are attested in Italy in the fifth century AD. This paper presents evidence that pearl millet was introduced to Iberia during the 11th–12th centuries AD. This is the first documented evidence for this African crop in Europe. Sorghum, on the other hand, appears as a later introduction (14th century AD) in Iberia. We present archaeobotanical data from eight Andalusi sites in Valencia and Andalucía (southern Iberia) where both crops have been found. We have also examined medieval textual data where references to pearl millet appeared to be absent, and we conclude that the word “dacsa”, currently used to refer to sorghum, should be understood as a reference to pearl millet. From the 16th century onwards, this term was given to maize, when the American cereal replaced the African millets.
