Thermo‐Hydro‐Chemical Simulation of Mid‐Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Systems: Static 2D Models and Effects of Paleo‐Seawater Chemistry

Abstract

Abstract Decades of research have resulted in characterization of the ocean floor manifestations of mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) hydrothermal systems, yet numerical models accounting for the connections between heat transfer, hydrology and geochemistry have been slow to develop. The Thermo‐hydro‐chemical code ToughReact can be used to describe the coupled effects of fluid flow, heat transfer, and fluid‐rock chemical interactions that occur in MOR systems. We describe the results of 2‐dimensional simulations of steady state flow in fractured diabase with mineral‐fluid chemical reactions. Basal heating and specified permeability yield maximum temperature of 400°C. Total fluid flux and high fracture flow velocities are in accord with observations. Fluid chemistry, mineralogical changes and 87Sr/86Sr ratios can be compared to observations to assess and calibrate models. Simulated high temperature fracture fluids have Mg and SO4 near zero, elevated Ca and 87Sr/86Sr of about 0.7040. Total alteration is 10%–50% for simple models of spreading. Anhydrite forms mainly near the base of the upwelling zone and results in substantial local fracture porosity reduction. A calibrated model is used to predict how Sr isotopes and other features of altered oceanic crust would be different in the Cretaceous (95 Ma) early Proterozoic (1,800 Ma) and Archean (3,800 Ma), when seawater may have had high Ca and Sr concentrations, lower pH, higher temperature, and lower Na, Mg, and SO4. The simulations are offered as a start on what ultimately may require a longer‐term community effort to better understand the role of MOR thermo‐hydro‐chemical systems in Earth evolution.

Keywords

• mid‐ocean ridge
• hydrothermal
• fluid‐rock interaction
• geothermal
• Sr isotopes
• alteration