Frontiers in Marine Science (Dec 2018)
Future Research Directions on the “Elusive” White Shark
- Charlie Huveneers,
- Kirin Apps,
- Edgar E. Becerril-García,
- Edgar E. Becerril-García,
- Barry Bruce,
- Paul A. Butcher,
- Aaron B. Carlisle,
- Taylor K. Chapple,
- Heather M. Christiansen,
- Heather M. Christiansen,
- Geremy Cliff,
- Geremy Cliff,
- Tobey H. Curtis,
- Toby S. Daly-Engel,
- Heidi Dewar,
- Matt L. Dicken,
- Matt L. Dicken,
- Michael L. Domeier,
- Clinton A. J. Duffy,
- Richard Ford,
- Malcolm P. Francis,
- Georgia C. A. French,
- Georgia C. A. French,
- Felipe Galván-Magaña,
- Emiliano García-Rodríguez,
- Enrico Gennari,
- Enrico Gennari,
- Enrico Gennari,
- Brittany Graham,
- Barry Hayden,
- Edgar Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla,
- Edgar Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla,
- Nigel E. Hussey,
- Oliver J. D. Jewell,
- Oliver J. D. Jewell,
- Salvador J. Jorgensen,
- Alison A. Kock,
- Alison A. Kock,
- Christopher G. Lowe,
- Kady Lyons,
- Lauren Meyer,
- Gregg Oelofse,
- Erick C. Oñate-González,
- Herman Oosthuizen,
- John B. O’Sullivan,
- Kristopher Ramm,
- Gregory Skomal,
- Sean Sloan,
- Malcolm J. Smale,
- Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki,
- Emilio Sperone,
- Elena Tamburin,
- Elena Tamburin,
- Alison V. Towner,
- Alison V. Towner,
- Michelle A. Wcisel,
- Kevin C. Weng,
- Jonathan M. Werry
Affiliations
- Charlie Huveneers
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Kirin Apps
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Edgar E. Becerril-García
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Mexico
- Edgar E. Becerril-García
- Pelagios Kakunjá A.C., La Paz, Mexico
- Barry Bruce
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Paul A. Butcher
- National Marine Science Centre, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
- Aaron B. Carlisle
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, United States
- Taylor K. Chapple
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Heather M. Christiansen
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
- Heather M. Christiansen
- 0Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Geremy Cliff
- 1KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, Durban, South Africa
- Geremy Cliff
- 2School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Tobey H. Curtis
- 3National Marine Fisheries Service, Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Management Division, Gloucester, MA, United States
- Toby S. Daly-Engel
- 4Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
- Heidi Dewar
- 5Life History Program, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Matt L. Dicken
- 1KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, Durban, South Africa
- Matt L. Dicken
- 6Department of Development Studies, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Michael L. Domeier
- 7Marine Conservation Science Institute, Kailua-Kona, HI, United States
- Clinton A. J. Duffy
- 8Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand
- Richard Ford
- 9Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
- Malcolm P. Francis
- 0National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Georgia C. A. French
- 1School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Georgia C. A. French
- 2SharkStuff, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom
- Felipe Galván-Magaña
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Mexico
- Emiliano García-Rodríguez
- 3Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
- Enrico Gennari
- 4Oceans Research, Mossel Bay, South Africa
- Enrico Gennari
- 5South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Enrico Gennari
- 6Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Brittany Graham
- 0National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Barry Hayden
- 7Department for Environment and Water, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Edgar Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla
- Pelagios Kakunjá A.C., La Paz, Mexico
- Edgar Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla
- 8Fins Attached, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
- Nigel E. Hussey
- 0Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Oliver J. D. Jewell
- 9Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Oliver J. D. Jewell
- 0Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, United States
- Salvador J. Jorgensen
- 0Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, United States
- Alison A. Kock
- 1Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, Cape Town, South Africa
- Alison A. Kock
- 2Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Christopher G. Lowe
- 3Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
- Kady Lyons
- 3Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
- Lauren Meyer
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Gregg Oelofse
- 4Environmental Resource Management, Cape Town, South Africa
- Erick C. Oñate-González
- 5Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
- Herman Oosthuizen
- 6Branch Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environmental Affairs, Cape Town, South Africa
- John B. O’Sullivan
- 0Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, United States
- Kristopher Ramm
- 8Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gregory Skomal
- 7Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, New Bedford, MA, United States
- Sean Sloan
- 8Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Department of Primary Industries and Regions, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Malcolm J. Smale
- 9Department of Zoology and Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki
- 3Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
- Emilio Sperone
- 0Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- Elena Tamburin
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Mexico
- Elena Tamburin
- 1Fundación Alium Pacific, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
- Alison V. Towner
- 6Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Alison V. Towner
- 2Dyer Island Conservation Trust, Kleinbaai, South Africa
- Michelle A. Wcisel
- 3Michigan State University Museum, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Kevin C. Weng
- 4Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, United States
- Jonathan M. Werry
- 5Griffith Centre for Coastal Management, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00455
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 5
Abstract
White sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, are often described as elusive, with little information available due to the logistical difficulties of studying large marine predators that make long-distance migrations across ocean basins. Increased understanding of aggregation patterns, combined with recent advances in technology have, however, facilitated a new breadth of studies revealing fresh insights into the biology and ecology of white sharks. Although we may no longer be able to refer to the white shark as a little-known, elusive species, there remain numerous key questions that warrant investigation and research focus. Although white sharks have separate populations, they seemingly share similar biological and ecological traits across their global distribution. Yet, white shark’s behavior and migratory patterns can widely differ, which makes formalizing similarities across its distribution challenging. Prioritization of research questions is important to maximize limited resources because white sharks are naturally low in abundance and play important regulatory roles in the ecosystem. Here, we consulted 43 white shark experts to identify these issues. The questions listed and developed here provide a global road map for future research on white sharks to advance progress toward key goals that are informed by the needs of the research community and resource managers.
Keywords
- Carcharodon carcharias
- movement
- threats
- threatened species conservation
- TEPS management
- wildlife tourism
