Who are the “police” in “police violence”? Fatal violence by U.S. law enforcement agencies across levels of government

Abstract

Abstract Background Police violence is increasingly recognized as an urgent public health problem. Basic questions about police violence, however, remain unanswered, including which types of law enforcement agency are responsible for fatal police violence deaths. Methods We estimated the proportion of police violence deaths in the U.S. (2013–2022) that were attributable to local, county, state, federal, or tribal police agencies, using mapping police violence data. We examined proportions overall, by decedent race/ethnicity, and by state. Results Nationally, 60% of decedents were killed by municipal, 29% by county, 8% by state, and 3% by federal, police, with 40% of deaths. Conclusions We identify wide geographic & racial/ethnic variation in the agencies responsible for fatal police violence. Findings suggest that the budgetary and infrastructural shifts required to prevent fatal police violence need to occur at multiple levels of government.

Keywords

• Police violence
• Health equity
• Law enforcement