Using Features Extracted From Upper Limb Reaching Tasks to Detect Parkinson’s Disease by Means of Machine Learning Models

Abstract

While in the literature there is much interest in investigating lower limbs gait of patients affected by neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), fewer publications involving upper limbs movements are available. In previous studies, 24 motion signals (the so-called reaching tasks) of the upper limbs of PD patients and Healthy Controls (HCs) were used to extract several kinematic features through a custom-made software; conversely, the aim of our paper is to investigate the possibility to build models–using these features–for distinguishing PD patients from HCs. First, a binary logistic regression and, then, a Machine Learning (ML) analysis was performed by implementing five algorithms through the Knime Analytics Platform. The ML analysis was performed twice: first, a leave-one out-cross validation was applied; then, a wrapper feature selection method was implemented to identify the best subset of features that could maximize the accuracy. The binary logistic regression achieved an accuracy of 90.5%, demonstrating the importance of the maximum jerk during subjects upper limb motion; the Hosmer-Lemeshow test supported the validity of this model (p-value=0.408). The first ML analysis achieved high evaluation metrics by overcoming 95% of accuracy; the second ML analysis achieved a perfect classification with 100% of both accuracy and area under the curve receiver operating characteristics. The top-five features in terms of importance were the maximum acceleration, smoothness, duration, maximum jerk and kurtosis. The investigation carried out in our work has proved the predictive power of the features, extracted from the reaching tasks involving the upper limbs, to distinguish HCs and PD patients.

Keywords

• Machine learning
• rehabilitation engineering
• modelling