Modulation of Guanylate Cyclase Activating Protein 1 (GCAP1) Dimeric Assembly by Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺: Hints to Understand Protein Activity

Abstract

The guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1, GCAP1, activates or inhibits retinal guanylyl cyclase (retGC) depending on cellular Ca2+ concentrations. Several point mutations of GCAP1 have been associated with impaired calcium sensitivity that eventually triggers progressive retinal degeneration. In this work, we demonstrate that the recombinant human protein presents a highly dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium, whose dissociation constant is influenced by salt concentration and, more importantly, by protein binding to Ca2+ or Mg2+. Based on small-angle X-ray scattering data, protein-protein docking, and molecular dynamics simulations we propose two novel three-dimensional models of Ca2+-bound GCAP1 dimer. The different propensity of human GCAP1 to dimerize suggests structural differences induced by cation binding potentially involved in the regulation of retGC activity.

Keywords

• quaternary assembly
• calcium-binding proteins
• EF-hand
• protein-protein interaction
• small-angle X-ray scattering
• molecular dynamics simulations