Push–Pull Derivatives Based on 2,4′-Biphenylene Linker with Quinoxaline, [1,2,5]Oxadiazolo[3,4-<i>B</i>]Pyrazine and [1,2,5]Thiadiazolo[3,4-<i>B</i>]Pyrazine Electron Withdrawing Parts

Abstract

A series of novel V-shaped quinoxaline, [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine and [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine push–pull derivatives with 2,4′-biphenylene linker were designed and their electrochemical, photophysical and nonlinear optical properties were investigated. [1,2,5]Oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine is the stronger electron-withdrawing fragment as shown by electrochemical, and photophysical data. All compounds are emissive in a solid-state (from the cyan to red region of the spectrum) and quinoxaline derivatives are emissions in DCM solution. It has been found that quinoxaline derivatives demonstrate important solvatochromism and extra-large Stokes shifts, characteristic of twisted intramolecular charge transfer excited state as well as aggregation induced emission. The experimental conclusions have been justified by theoretical (TD-)DFT calculations.

Keywords

• furazanopyrazine
• [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-<i>b</i>]pyrazine
• quinoxaline
• donor–acceptor systems
• twisted intramolecular charge transfer