Biodefensive Based on <i>Piper nigrum</i> Essential Oil for Controlling of <i>Anopheles aquasalis</i> Larvae: Influence of Temperature (35 °C) and Preservatives
Ayná Caroline Marcião Vieira,
Sidney Gomes Azevedo,
Ramon Andrade Linhares,
Silvia Cássia Brandão Justiniano,
Grafe Oliveira Pontes,
Alessandra Ramos Lima,
Pedro Henrique Campelo,
Jaqueline de Araújo Bezerra,
Camila da Costa Pinto,
Henrique Duarte da Fonseca Filho,
Robert Saraiva Matos,
Ştefan Ţălu,
Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato,
Natalia Mayumi Inada,
Edgar Aparecido Sanches
Affiliations
Ayná Caroline Marcião Vieira
Laboratory of Nanostructured Polymers (NANOPOL), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
Sidney Gomes Azevedo
Laboratory of Nanostructured Polymers (NANOPOL), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
Ramon Andrade Linhares
Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
Silvia Cássia Brandão Justiniano
Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
Grafe Oliveira Pontes
Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
Alessandra Ramos Lima
São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
Pedro Henrique Campelo
Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
Jaqueline de Araújo Bezerra
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas (IFAM), Manaus 69020-120, Brazil
Camila da Costa Pinto
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas (IFAM), Manaus 69020-120, Brazil
Henrique Duarte da Fonseca Filho
Laboratory of Nanomaterials Synthesis and Nanoscopy (LSNN), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
Robert Saraiva Matos
Amazonian Materials Group, Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), Macapá 68903-419, Brazil
Ştefan Ţălu
The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 15 Constantin Daicoviciu St., 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
Natalia Mayumi Inada
São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
Edgar Aparecido Sanches
Laboratory of Nanostructured Polymers (NANOPOL), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
Considerable efforts have been spent on the development of biodefensives based on the encapsulation of essential oils for controlling of urban pests from their larval stage, especially as anopheline controlling agents. The larval source management of Anopheles aquasalis is important for malaria prevention. For this reason, this research proposes larvicidal biodefensives based on polymeric particles loaded with Piper nigrum essential oil, considering the influence of temperature (35 °C) and preservatives on the formulation stability. The biodefensive containing the preservative phenoxyethanol/methylisothiazolinone (PNE) resulted in 5 months of shelf-life storage with an Encapsulation Efficiency (EE%) of essential oil of 70%. The biodefensive PNE (containing 500 µg.mL−1 of encapsulated essential oil) presented a polydisperse particle size distribution, ranging from D10 = (127 ± 10) nm to D90 = (472 ± 78) nm and a particle mean size of (236 ± 34) nm. The AFM images revealed a spherical morphology with an external surface almost regular and smooth. The controlled release of the essential oil was evaluated up to 72 h according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model, confirming the anomalous transport (n = 0.64 in pH = 3 and pH = 10, and n = 0.65 in pH = 7). The total larvae mortality on the in loco bioassays was almost reached (92%) after 24 h. However, according to the in vitro bioassays applying the in natura essential oil alone, the concentration of 454 μg.mL−1 resulted on the mortality of 70% of the larvae after 24 h. For this reason, the highest efficiency of the biodefensive PNE may be related to the encapsulation of essential oil, delivering the loaded particles more efficiently inside the larvae. From this perspective, the present study shows that a formulation based on P. nigrum essential oil may be taken into account in the integrated management of disease vector mosquitoes.
